Table 2.

Effects of self-treatment with music and the physiological explanation of these effects.

Listening to music	Reduction of depression levels (31, 32)	Modulation of parasympathetic nervous system Mojtabavi et al. (33)
	Lowering BP, decrease of anxiety and depressive symptoms in breast cancer patients Wang et al. (34)	Modulation of the immune system Chanda and Levitin (35) C Reduction of cancer-related fatigue Qiu et al. (36)
	Reduction of cancer-related fatigue Qiu et al. (37)	Modulation of opioid receptors Mallik et al. (38)
	Reduction of pain Garza-Villarreal et al. (39); Lee (40)	Modulation of opioid receptors Mallik et al. (38)
	Reduction of epileptic seizures Yuen and Sander (41); Rafiee et al. (42)

Table adapted from the study by Bulaj et al. (30).