Figure 3. Functions and physiopathological roles of p53.

p53 exhibits diverse and complex functions: classical functions (including inducing cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence, and maintaining genome stability) and other functions (such as mediating metabolism, ferroptosis, stem cell dynamics, cell competition, metastasis, and immunity). Due to its wide array of functions, p53 plays a crucial role in numerous physiological processes (e.g., reproduction, development, regeneration, repair, and aging) and pathological disorders (like neurodegenerative disease, radiation sickness, chemotherapeutic toxicity, ischemic injury, metabolic disease, and cancer). The black curves illustrate how specific functions of p53 contribute to its role in linked physiological or pathological processes.