Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for study variables and demographics by low, moderate, and high ACEs
| Full sample n = 133 |
0–2 ACEs n = 64 |
3–5 ACEs n = 38 |
6 + ACEs n = 31 | ANOVA or Chi-square | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables |
M (SD)
% (n) |
M (SD)
% (n) |
M (SD)
% (n) |
M (SD)
% (n) |
FACEs or χ2 |
| Depressive symptoms | 15.08 (9.64) | 13.36 (9.72) | 16.29 (10.41) | 17.13 (8.04) | 2.03 |
| Total ACE score | 3.25 (2.93) | 0.67 (.74) | 4.03 (.79) | 7.61 (1.17) | 685.65** |
| Father support scale | 27.35 (8.07) | 28.72 (6.65) | 25.00 (9.61) | 27.24 (8.45) | 2.51 |
| Age (years) | 25.86 (5.6) | 26.03 (4.93) | 25.92 (4.93) | 25.45 (6.45) | .11 |
| Residing with baby’s father (yes/no) | 52.6% (70) | 50% (32) | 50% (19) | 61.3% (19) | 1.22 |
| Economic hardship | 1.52 (1.87) | 1.07 (1.53) | 1.74 (2.06) | 2.17 (2.09) | 4.01* |
| Race | |||||
| Black/African American | 28% (37) | 34.9% (22) | 31.6% (12) | 9.7% (3) | 6.89* |
| Native American | 17.8% (24) | 20.6% (13) | 10.8% (4) | 22.6% (7) | 1.99 |
| Hispanic | 13.6% (18) | 9.5% (6) | 23.7% (9) | 9.7% (3) | 4.57 |
| White | 39.4% (52) | 34.9% (22) | 31.6% (12) | 58.1% (18) | 6.03* |
ACE, adverse childhood experiences; residential father = living with biological father of the baby; economic hardship is scored 0–6, with higher scores indicating greater economic hardship;
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01