Table 3.
OLS and spatial regressions of county-level arthritis-attributable joint pain, severe joint pain, and activity limitations.†
| Joint pain | Severe joint pain | Activity limitations | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | SAC | OLS | SLM | OLS | SAC | |||||||
| Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | |
| Prevalence of arthritis | 3.731*** | 0.024 | 3.679*** | 0.026 | 1.591*** | 0.045 | 1.426*** | 0.046 | 2.050*** | 0.039 | 1.870*** | 0.041 |
| Percent female | 0.039+ | 0.020 | 0.028 | 0.021 | 0.156*** | 0.038 | 0.106** | 0.036 | 0.044 | 0.033 | 0.030 | 0.031 |
| Percent non-Hispanic Black | −0.096*** | 0.024 | −0.084** | 0.028 | 0.607*** | 0.045 | 0.517*** | 0.044 | 0.009 | 0.039 | 0.058 | 0.040 |
| Percent non-Hispanic Asian | −0.125*** | 0.023 | −0.114*** | 0.025 | −0.020 | 0.043 | −0.008 | 0.041 | −0.021 | 0.037 | −0.033 | 0.037 |
| Percent Hispanic | −0.059* | 0.027 | −0.026 | 0.031 | −0.014 | 0.050 | 0.129** | 0.048 | −0.116** | 0.043 | 0.006 | 0.046 |
| Percent separated or divorced | −0.013 | 0.025 | −0.011 | 0.025 | 0.149** | 0.046 | 0.113* | 0.044 | 0.102** | 0.040 | 0.060 | 0.039 |
| Percent less than high school | −0.046 | 0.035 | −0.044 | 0.038 | 0.512*** | 0.065 | 0.324*** | 0.063 | 0.025 | 0.056 | −0.016 | 0.057 |
| Percent in manual labor occupations | 0.054* | 0.025 | 0.039 | 0.027 | −0.050 | 0.047 | −0.009 | 0.045 | −0.132** | 0.040 | −0.087* | 0.040 |
| Percent in poverty | 0.118*** | 0.032 | 0.086** | 0.033 | 0.234*** | 0.060 | 0.183** | 0.057 | 0.243*** | 0.051 | 0.159** | 0.050 |
| Percent unemployed | −0.042+ | 0.025 | −0.040 | 0.027 | −0.087+ | 0.046 | −0.068 | 0.044 | −0.103** | 0.040 | −0.080* | 0.040 |
| Percent uninsured | 0.014 | 0.031 | 0.010 | 0.034 | 0.136* | 0.058 | 0.088 | 0.056 | 0.446*** | 0.050 | 0.349*** | 0.051 |
| No. of primary care providers | −0.018 | 0.024 | −0.020 | 0.024 | −0.001 | 0.045 | −0.014 | 0.043 | 0.015 | 0.039 | −0.002 | 0.037 |
| No. of chiropractors | −0.022 | 0.025 | 0.001 | 0.026 | −0.190*** | 0.046 | −0.076+ | 0.044 | −0.072+ | 0.039 | −0.008 | 0.040 |
| No. of hospitals | 0.008 | 0.022 | 0.014 | 0.023 | −0.027 | 0.041 | −0.003 | 0.039 | −0.032 | 0.035 | −0.028 | 0.034 |
| Opioid prescribing rate | 0.007 | 0.023 | 0.003 | 0.022 | 0.125** | 0.042 | 0.080* | 0.040 | 0.027 | 0.036 | 0.027 | 0.034 |
| (Intercept) | 23.601*** | 0.019 | 22.705*** | 0.231 | 7.892*** | 0.035 | 5.744*** | 0.170 | 13.084*** | 0.030 | 10.437*** | 0.321 |
| Rho‡ | 0.038*** | 0.273*** | 0.203*** | |||||||||
| Lambda§ | 0.219*** | — | 0.157*** | |||||||||
| AIC | 5776.4 | 5697.1 | 8494.5 | 8338 | 7820.5 | 7611.4 | ||||||
Level of significance: +P < 0.1, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
†
The outcomes are model based and age adjusted. All covariates here are standardized.
‡
Rho is the spatial lag parameter, indicating how the prevalence in a focal county is associated with the average prevalence in neighboring counties.
§
Lambda is the spatial error parameter, indicating how the residual/error of a focal county is associated with the average residuals/errors in neighboring counties.
AIC, Akaike information criterion; OLS, ordinary least squares; SAC, spatial autoregressive combined; SLM, spatial lag models.