Table 2.

Descriptive statistics for baseline and testing pain ratings, as well as for the difference between these scores, in each group and in total (mean ± SD).

	OLP + OBL (N = 29)	OLP (N = 30)	OBL (N = 29)	Control (N = 29)	All (N = 117)
Pain ratings (NRS)
Baseline	4.91 ± 1.35	5.03 ± 1.09	4.68 ± 1.61	4.81 ± 1.44	4.86 ± 1.37
Testing	4.09 ± 1.34	4.32 ± 1.25	4.05 ± 1.43	4.59 ± 1.58	4.26 ± 1.40
Baseline vs Testing difference	0.82 ± 1.06	0.71 ± 1.03	0.63 ± 0.96	0.22 ± 1.06	0.59 ± 1.04

NRS, numeric rating scale; OBL, observational learning; OLP, open-label placebo.