. 2024 Jun 6;9(24):25555–25574. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01316

Table 1. Inhibitory Effects of Various Biogenic Synthesized Nanoparticles on Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxins.

nanoparticles	biogenic extract	inhibition (%)	mycotoxigenic fungi and AFs	mode of action
silver	actinomycetes, mint, thyme, rosemary, eucalyptus	100	A. flavus, A. ochraceus, aflatoxin, and ochratoxin	leakage of proteins and DNA, disintegrate membranes^146,147
iron, copper	Syzygium cumini	49	A. flavus, AFB1	DNA mutation¹⁴⁸
	S. cumini	80	A. parasiticus	DNA mutation¹⁴⁸
silver	honey	77.5	A. parasiticus	altered cell membrane permeability and ROS generation¹⁴⁹
	honey	58.76	A. ochraceus
	honey	66.56	aflatoxins
	honey	79.85	ochratoxin
silver	A. terreus	100	A. flavus	produce oxidative stress that damaged the fungal cell^150,151
	Curcuma	98	AFB1
zinc oxide	lemongrass	100	total AFs	breakage of fungal hyphae leads to control aflatoxins¹⁵²
silver	Juglans regia	100	AFG1, G2, B1	damaged mycelium growth¹⁵³
silver	pomegranate	68	AFs, A. flavus	oxidative stress disturbs fungal growth^154,155
copper oxide	Manilkara zapota	61.5	A. parasiticus	deactivate fungal cell machinery¹⁵⁶
zinc oxide	M. zapota	62.4	A. parasiticus	deactivate fungal cell machinery¹⁵⁶
silver	Morus nigra, A. niger	100	A. parasiticus, A. terreus, AFs	deactivate enzymes, proteins, and denature DNA^157,158
silver	Juniperus procera	100	A. flavus, total AFs	leakage of macromolecules from fungal cell¹⁵⁹
silver	Curcuma zedoaria	100	A. flavus	inhibit fungal growth^160,161
	Moringa oleifera	63	A. parasiticus	inhibit fungal growth^160,161
zinc	S. cumini	70	A. flavus	ROS stress, proteolysis and cell death¹⁶²
zeolite	Centaurea cyanus	>99	AFs	best adsorbent for removal of mycotoxins¹⁶³
	C. cyanus	55	OTA	best adsorbent for removal of mycotoxins¹⁶³
zinc oxide	Syzygium aromaticum	100	mycotoxins	lipid peroxidation and loss of membrane integrity¹⁶⁴
chitosan	Ocimum americanum	100	A. flavus, AFB1	inhibit ergosterol synthesis and disrupt membranes¹⁶⁵
silver	Salvia officinalis, cinnamon	100	A. flavus, AFB1	inhibit fungal growth by damaging its structure¹⁶⁶
silver–chitosan	A. terreus	89	A. flavus, AFB1	damaged conidia, unusual bulges and rupture cell¹⁶⁷
copper	Magnolia kobus	85	A. flavus	rupture cell membrane¹⁶⁸
	Mag. kobus	86	A. niger	rupture cell membrane¹⁶⁸