Table 2. Physicochemical Characterization of ANH and Comparison with Other Testified Biomass.
| analysis | Areca nut husk (ANH) | sal wood sawdust23 | cotton stalk24 | sugar cane baggage24 | corn cob24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximate Analysis (wt %, Dry Basis) (Dry Basis) | |||||
| moisture content | 6.21 ± 0.10 | 6.04 ± 0.20 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 10.2 |
| volatile matter | 76.43 ± 0.20 | 76.03 ± 0.10 | 71.0 | 76.0 | 80.0 |
| ash content | 2.37 ± 0.05 | 2.02 ± 0.01 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 5.7 |
| fixed carbon | 14.99 ± 0.30 | 15.99 ± 0.20 | 16.6 | 9.6 | 4.2 |
| Ultimate Analysis (wt %) (Dry Basis) | |||||
| C | 50.12 ± 0.10 | 50.43 | 46.8 | 43.2 | 44.2 |
| H | 6.0 ± 0.10 | 5.99 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 5.9 |
| O | 42.76 ± 0.12 | 43.06 | 46.8 | 43.2 | 44.2 |
| N | 1.12 ± 0.006 | 0.52 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.54 |
| S | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.08 | ||
| O/C | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.74′ |
| H/C | 1.40 | 1.42 | 1.64 | 1.73 | 1.59 |
| heating value (MJ/kg) | 18.44 ± 0.16 | 19.18 ± 0.19 | 19.2 | 17.2 | 15.5 |
| bulk density (kg/m3) | 371.23 ± 10 | 330.12 ± 20 | |||
| chemical analysis (wt %) | 78.46 | 78.95 | 81.10 | 75.1 | 77.0 |
| hemicellulose (HC) | 16.81 ± 1.12 | 16.23 | 19.2 | 18.7 | 29.0 |
| cellulose (C) | 48.48 ± 1.24 | 49.52 | 39.4 | 36.6 | 32.2 |
| lignin (Lg) | 13.17 ± 1.16 | 13.20 | 23.2 | 19.8 | 15.8 |
| extractive content (wt %) | 9.79 ± 0.18 | 11.23 | 7.6 | 19.4 | 14.8 |
| hexane/water | 8.12 ± 0.11 | 10.02 ± 0.12 | 6.2 | 17.2 | 12.3 |
| ethanol | 1.85 ± 0.02 | 1.21 ± 0.11 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.5 |