TABLE 2.
Experiment 1. Brain fatty acid concentrations (µg/1 g) and composition (% of total fatty acids) from total lipid analysis. Brain tissue was sampled from the offspring of broiler breeder hens fed with and without flaxseed during the rearing or laying periods. Significant pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05) between maternal rearing and laying diets are indicated with different superscript letters.
| Rearing diet Fatty acid↓/laying diet |
Unit | Control Control |
Flaxseed Control |
Control Flaxseed |
Flaxseed Flaxseed |
Rearing | ANOVA Laying |
Rearing*laying |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) | µg/1 g % |
8.70 ± 2.29 0.11 ± 0.02 ab |
8.44 ± 1.43 0.16 ± 0.02 a |
5.55 ± 1.35 0.11 ± 0.03 ab |
3.48 ± 1.12 0.06 ± 0.02 b |
F = 0.79, p = 0.38
F = 0.11, p = 0.75 |
F = 5.86, p = 0.02
F = 4.20, p = 0.05 |
F = 0.28, p = 0.60
F = 4.18, p = 0.05 |
| Stearidonic acid (C18:4 n-3) | µg/1 g % |
4.88 ± 0.43 0.07 ± 0.01 |
6.25 ± 2.32 0.10 ± 0.03 |
5.78 ± 2.25 0.09 ± 0.03 |
9.00 ± 2.79 0.13 ± 0.07 |
F = 1.00, p = 0.38
F = 1.37, p = 0.26 |
F = 0.57, p = 0.46
F = 0.89, p = 0.36 |
F = 0.14, p = 0.72
F = 0.01, p = 0.92 |
| Eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3 n-3) | µg/1 g % |
5.33 ± 0.77 0.07 ± 0.01 |
4.10 ± 0.32 0.08 ± 0.03 |
3.83 ± 0.40 0.07 ± 0.03 |
4.71 ± 1.17 0.07 ± 0.04 |
F = 0.02, p = 0.89
F = 0.03, p = 0.86 |
F = 0.17, p = 0.69
F = 0.49, p = 0.49 |
F = 1.33, p = 0.71
F = 0.06, p = 0.81 |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) | µg/1 g % |
16.06 ± 6.70 0.24 ± 0.10 |
5.26 ± 0.50 0.11 ± 0.45 |
4.97 ± 1.32 0.10 ± 0.02 |
8.77 ± 3.21 0.12 ± 0.04 |
F = 0.65, p = 0.43
F = 0.72, p = 0.86 |
F = 0.67, p = 0.42
F = 1.00, p = 0.33 |
F = 3.27, p = 0.08
F = 1.85, p = 0.19 |
| Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3) | µg/1 g % |
133.74 ± 48.09 1.63 ± 0.45 |
74.23 ± 16.90 1.57 ± 0.44 |
72.54 ± 15.21 1.37 ± 0.35 |
67.16 ± 12.84 1.20 ± 0.29 |
F = 1.37, p = 0.25
F = 0.12, p = 0.74 |
F = 1.32, p = 0.26
F = 0.58, p = 0.45 |
F = 0.92, p = 0.35
F = 0.02, p = 0.89 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) | µg/1 g % |
872.64 ± 96.85 11.51 ± 0.56 |
683.52 ± 64.81 12.67 ± 0.57 |
658.11 ± 57.18 11.69 ± 0.71 |
810.61 ± 144.21 12.24 ± 0.63 |
F = 0.01, p = 0.94
F = 1.63, p = 0.22 |
F = 0.08, p = 0.79
F = 0.05, p = 0.83 |
F = 2.12, p = 0.16
F = 0.22, p = 0.64 |
| Σ n-3 | µg/1 g % |
1041.35 ± 134.03 12.63 ± 0.57 |
781.80 ± 64.81 14.68 ± 2.26 |
750.79 ± 61.05 13.44 ± 0.97 |
903.73 ± 144.21 13.82 ± 0.63 |
F = 0.12, p = 0.73
F = 0.61, p = 0.45 |
F = 0.30, p = 0.59
F = 0.41, p = 0.53 |
F = 2.55, p = 0.13
F = 0.12, p = 0.70 |
| Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) | µg/1 g % |
157.60 ± 26.83 1.98 ± 0.10 |
118.63 ± 18.15 2.13 ± 0.14 |
113.64 ± 12.89 1.98 ± 0.08 |
124.05 ± 15.95 1.94 ± 0.04 |
F = 0.46, p = 0.51
F = 0.21, p = 0.65 |
F = 0.73, p = 0.40
F = 0.99, p = 0.33 |
F = 1.43, p = 0.24
F = 0.89, p = 0.36 |
| Gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-6) | µg/1 g % |
0.91 ± 0.55 0.01 ± 0.007 |
0.88 ± 0.40 0.02 ± 0.007 |
0.68 ± 0.40 0.01 ± 0.007 |
1.75 ± 0.92 0.02 ± 0.01 |
F = 0.64, p = 0.43
F = 0.84, p = 0.37 |
F = 0.24, p = 0.63
F = 0.17, p = 0.69 |
F = 0.56, p = 0.11
F = 0.56, p = 0.46 |
| Eicosadienoic acid (20:2 n-6) | µg/1 g % |
60.04 ± 8.74 0.77 ± 0.02 |
46.46 ± 6.81 0.83 ± 0.04 |
45.02 ± 5.26 0.78 ± 0.08 |
49.10 ± 5.91 0.77 ± 0.55 |
F = 0.39, p = 0.54
F = 0.64, p = 0.34 |
F = 0.58, p = 0.46
F = 0.58, p = 0.46 |
F = 1.44, p = 0.24
F = 1.47, p = 0.24 |
| Eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 n-6) | µg/1 g % |
39.96 ± 3.87 0.53 ± 0.03 |
28.34 ± 2.25 0.53 ± 0.04 |
28.83 ± 3.64 0.50 ± 0.03 |
37.36 ± 7.97 0.55 ± 0.03 |
F = 0.03, p = 0.87
F = 0.59, p = 0.45 |
F = 0.01, p = 0.94
F = 0.05, p = 0.83 |
F = 2.66, p = 0.12
F = 0.42, p = 0.53 |
| Arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) | µg/1 g % |
656.29 ± 99.62 8.38 ± 0.29 |
485.33 ± 64.52 8.72 ± 0.22 |
496.53 ± 59.74 8.61 ± 0.18 |
551.80 ± 83.70 8.52 ± 0.24 |
F = 0.37, p = 0.55
F = 0.18, p = 0.68 |
F = 0.20, p = 0.66
F = 0.01, p = 0.98 |
F = 1.66, p = 0.22
F = 0.68, p = 0.42 |
| Docosadienoic acid (22:2 n-6) | µg/1 g % |
65.22 ± 24.30 0.83 ± 0.23 a |
92.52 ± 58.41 1.57 ± 0.88 a |
91.19 ± 33.56 1.66 ± 0.60 a |
26.52 ± 7.93 0.41 ± 0.13 a |
F = 0.41, p = 0.53
F = 0.34, p = 0.56 |
F = 0.40, p = 0.53
F = 0.17, p = 0.68 |
F = 1.58, p = 0.22
F = 3.10, p = 0.09 |
| Adrenic acid (C22:4 n-6) | µg/1 g % |
213.06 ± 37.58 2.68 ± 0.15 |
152.74 ± 27.47 2.65 ± 0.21 |
177.71 ± 23.27 3.13 ± 0.31 |
158.60 ± 13.00 2.16 ± 0.18 |
F = 2.03, p = 0.17
F = 1.41, p = 0.25 |
F = 0.23, p = 0.63
F = 0.64, p = 0.43 |
F = 0.55, p = 0.47
F = 1.07, p = 0.31 |
| Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-6) | µg/1 g % |
206.72 ± 71.22 2.43 ± 0.73 |
91.90 ± 24.89 1.48 ± 1.03 |
127.22 ± 32.65 2.14 ± 0.38 |
105.13 ± 23.08 1.90 ± 0.52 |
F = 2.34, p = 0.14
F = 1.00, p = 0.34 |
F = 0.46, p = 0.51
F = 0.02, p = 0.88 |
F = 1.09, p = 0.31
F = 0.40, p = 0.53 |
| Σ n-6 | µg/1 g % |
1399.80 ± 241.79 17.61 ± 0.96 |
1016.81 ± 159.85 17.93 ± 1.03 |
1080.83 ± 129.75 18.82 ± 0.38 |
1054.12 ± 126.12 16.74 ± 0.72 |
F = 1.25, p = 0.28
F = 1.06, p = 0.32 |
F = 0.51, p = 0.48
F = 0.01, p = 0.94 |
F = 0.96, p = 0.34
F = 1.62, p = 0.22 |
| Σ n-6:Σ n-3 | µg/1 g % |
1.32 ± 0.13 1.32 ± 0.13 |
1.27 ± 0.14 1.27 ± 0.14 |
1.46 ± 0.14 1.46 ± 0.14 |
1.25 ± 0.10 1.25 ± 0.10 |
F = 0.94, p = 0.34
F = 0.94, p = 0.34 |
F = 0.14, p = 0.71
F = 0.14, p = 0.71 |
F = 0.36, p = 0.56
F = 0.36, p = 0.56 |
Bold values represent significant values at p ≤ 0.05.