Table 4.
Outcomes measures used to evaluate the interventions
| Study ID, author, year | Variables reported at baseline | Outcomes reported at baseline | Reported at post-intervention or follow-up | ADHD symptoms | Skills | Measures of knowledge | Self-rated scales not validated in ADHD | Quality of life or well-being | Patient satisfaction | Self-efficacy or self-esteem | Functioning and impairment | Other outcomes reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vidal, 2013 [43] | Age, gender, marital status, level of education, work status, ADHD subtype, medication |
Primary: ADHD-RSa; CAARS-Sa; CGI-S Secondary: BDI; STAI; QLESQa |
Same as baseline at post intervention |
ADHD-RSa; CAARS-Sa; CGI-S |
No | No |
BDI; STAI; CGI-S |
QLESQa | No | No | No | No |
| Hirvikoski, 2015 [44] |
For patients: age, gender, ADHD subtype, years diagnosed with ADHD, treatment, work status, education, Full-scale IQ, WURS-25*, ASRS* |
ADHD 20 Questions (knowledge quiz, 20 true/false items) QAFM; BDI; BAI; PSS; RSE; AAQoLa |
Same as baseline at post intervention and 6 months follow-up |
WURSa; ASRSa |
No | ADHD 20 Questions (knowledge quiz, 20 true/false items) |
QAFM BDI; BAI; PSS; RSE |
AAQoLa |
Treatment satisfaction; Rating course from 0 to 4; Session evaluation form at the end of each course session (completed anonymously) RSE |
RSE | No | QAFM |
| Hirvikoski, 2017 [53] |
Patients: age, gender, ADHD subtype, years since diagnosed, early psychiatric care, current treatment, work status, education SO: age, gender, work status, education, relation to the patients |
Primary: ADHD 20 Questions, (knowledge quiz, 20 true/false items) Secondary: SWLS; HADS; QAFM; RSE; SO: BAS |
Same as baseline at post-intervention and follow-up |
WURSa; ASRSa |
No | ADHD 20 Questions, (knowledge quiz, 20 true/false items) |
HADS; SWLS; RSE QAFM |
SWLS | Session evaluation form at the end of each course session (completed anonymously); Modified evaluation scale focusing on gained knowledge | RSE | No |
QAFM; BAS; Adverse effects |
| In de Braek, 2017 [57] | Age, gender, education (years), use of the medication |
CIBIS/C; SCL-90; CFQ; Zoo Map (BADS) |
Same as baseline |
CIBIS CIBIC SCL-90 |
Zoo Map (BADS) | No |
CIBIS/C; SCL-90; CFQ |
No | No | No | CFQ | No |
|
Hoxhaj, 2018 [54] |
Age, gender, ADHD subtype, marital status, education, IQ, employment status, co-morbidities WURS-k* |
Primary outcomes: CAARSa inattention/memory subscale Secondary outcomes: CAARSa subscales (observer-rated and self-rated); BDI; BSI; SF-36; FFMQ |
Same as baseline | CAARSa | FFMQ | No |
BSI; BDI; BSI; SF-36; FFMQ |
SF-36 | No | No | No | FFMQ |
| Bachmann, 2018 [55] | Age, education, gender, ADHD subtype, medication, comorbid psychiatric disorder, current and lifetime |
CAARSa self- and blind observer measurement of brain activation in the frontoparietal regions and basal ganglia; working memory task during fMRI; |
Same as baseline | CAARSa | Working memory task during fMRI | No | No | No | No | No | No | fMRI |
|
Hartung, 2022 [58] |
Age, gender, race, level of education, previous diagnosis of ADHD |
DSM-5; WFIRS; CAARSa; OTMP |
Same as baseline | DSM-5; CAARSa | OTMP | No |
OTMP; WFIRS |
No | Qualitative | No |
WFIRS; OTMP |
No |
| Selaskowski., 2022 [56] | Age, gender, education level, employment status, ADHD subtype, pharmacological treatment, comorbid disorders |
IDA-Ra; BDI-II; WFIRS; MWT-B; WURS-ka; Content quiz |
IDA-Ra; BDI-II; WFIRS; Content quiz |
DSM-5; IDA-Ra |
No | Content quiz at the end of each module |
MWT-B; BDI-II; WFIRS |
No | No | No | WFIRS | MWT-B |
aAuthors reported the scale was validated among ADHD
AAQoL Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Quality-of-Life, ADHD-RS ADHD–Rating Scale, ASRS Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAS Burden Assessment Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BSI Brief Symptom Inventory, CAARS Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale, Long Version, CAARS-S Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale, Shor Version, CFQ Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, CGI-S Clinical Global Impression–Severity Scale, CIBIS/C Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Severity/Change, FFMQ Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, IDA-R Integrated Diagnosis of ADHD in Adulthood, MWT-B Mehrfachwahi-Wortschat Test, OTMP Organizational Time Management and Planning, self-reported, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, QAFM Questions about family members, QLESQ Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, RSE Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem, SF-36 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, SCL-90 Symptom Check List-90, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, SWLS Satisfaction With Life Scale, WFIRS Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale, WURS-25 Wender Utah Rating Scale, Zoo Map (BADS) Zoo Map for the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome