. 2024 May 31;32(Suppl 1):253–264. doi: 10.3233/THC-248022

Table 2.

Characteristics and results of included quasi-experimental research

Reference (first author and year of publication)	Dataset, country	$n$	Mean age $\pm$ SD	Patient intervention/ control	Cognition/ diagnosis	Hand strength	Hand dexterity	Main outcome: Association
Saxton [19] (2000)	Community, clinic, USA	HE: 15, AD: 9, AlchD: 10, Alch non-D: 29	HE: 70.8 $\pm$ 6.6, AD: 73.4 $\pm$ 5.5, AlchD: 69.8 $\pm$ 9.3, Alch non-D: 64.5 $\pm$ 6.1	4 groups (HE, AD, Alch AD, Alch non-AD)	^MMSE^NINCDS-ADRDA^DSM-IV^NARTR^*CERAD	Not carried out	1. Clock drawing.2. GPT.	1. The pegboard and clock drawing were performed faster and more accurately by the dementia group than by the alcoholic dementia group.
Schroter [4] (2003)	Outpatient clinic, Germany	HC: 40, AD: 35, MCI: 39, DEP: 39,	HE: 65.6 $\pm$ 7.9, AD: 70.6 $\pm$ 11.2, MCI: 60.6 $\pm$ 11.1, DEP: 60.2 $\pm$ 8.7	4 groups (HE, AD, MCI, DEP), kinematic handwriting analysis	^MMSE^NINCDS-ADRDA^*DSM-III-R	Not carried out	1. Drawing concentric superimposed circles of 12 mm in diameter.2. Kinematic handwriting analysis.	1. AD significantly increased velocity variation (V-SD) and relative velocity (V-Rel) than HC.2. MCI and AD exhibited a loss of fine motor performance.3. Compared to HCs, the movements of AD patients were significantly less automated, accurate, and regular.
Yan [5] (2008)	Hospital, USA	HE: 10, AD: 9, MCI: 9	HE: 75.9 $\pm$ 2.7, AD: 74.2 $\pm$ 5.6, MCI: 68.9 $\pm$ 8.5	3 groups (HE, AD, MCI)	^MMSE^NINCDS-ADRDA	Not carried out	1. Handwriting movements.	1. Difficulty with AD or MCI on a fine motor task involving handwriting-like movements. Movement time increased significantly (coordination of fingers and wrist).2. MCI patients outperformed the AD patients in MT (speed) and movement jerk (smoothness).3. Using a fine motor task, such as handwriting, the present investigation supports using movement measures like velocity as an alternative diagnostic tool.
Suzumura [22] (2016)	Hospital, Community, Japan	HE: 13, AD/MCI: 14	HE: 71.7 $\pm$ 7.9, AD/MCI: 72.5 $\pm$ 6.1	3 groups (HE, AD/MCI), magnetic sensing, finger tapping device	^MMSE^CDR	Not carried out	1. Finger-to-thumb tapping.	1. Regular distance and speed and high number of tappings in the healthy group, irregular distance and speed and tapping interval in the AD/MCI group.2. AD/MCI: Decreased index finger tapping speed in the non-dominant hand, a significant difference in bimanual tasks. It appears as a difference according to the sense of rhythm.3. Hand function declines according to the severity of dementia [1) values of total traveling distance, 2) dispersion of the duration the two fingers were in contact, and 3) rhythm perturbation, indicating]
Van Waes [30] (2017)	Netherlands	YA: 20, HE: 20, MCI: 8, MiAD: 4	YA: 22.5 $\pm$ 1.0, HE: 74.3 $\pm$ 5.8, MCI/MiAD: 73.9 $\pm$ 4.3	3 groups (YA, HE, MCI/MiAD), typing behavior	^NINCDS-ADRDA^MMSE^*GDS	Not carried out	1. A set of 16 bigrams characterizing.2. keystroke-logging program.	1. Related to typing: It decreased in healthy elderly than adolescents, and MCI/AD decreased more.2. Typing copy test might provide valuable information in the diagnostic work-up of patients with neurodegenerative brain disorders.
Roalf [20] (2018)	USA	HE: 62, AD: 131, MCI: 46, PD: 63	HE: 71.4 $\pm$ 9.3, AD: 75.9 $\pm$ 7.9, MCI: 72.3 $\pm$ 9.0, PD: 71.6 $\pm$ 6.8	4 groups (HE, AD, MCI, PD), finger tapping	^*MMSE	Not carried out	1. Light beam finger and foot tapper test.	1. AD, MCItotal finger taps decreased compared to the healthy group, PD was slightly higher than the healthy group.2. Finger tapping interval speed was longer in AD and MCI than in control and PD.3. Tapping IIV (intra-individual variability): Compared to the control, AD, MCI, and PD all appeared high, but PD had the most variables.4. Fine movement disorders have been proven in MCI and early AD; finger tapping is a way to differentiate between PD and AD.
Suzumura [23] (2018)	Hospital, Community, Japan	HE: 48, AD: 31, MCI: 15	HEl: 73.6 $\pm$ 8.3, AD: 74.2 $\pm$ 6.3, MCI; 74.3 $\pm$ 6.0	3 groups (HE, AD, MCI), finger tapping	^*MMSE	Not carried out	1. Fingers in tapping marks on the just touch screen eight parameters.	1. AD/control: Significant difference in tap response time fluctuation, rhythm, rhythm fluctuation, contact duration, contact duration fluctuation, and inter-hand divergence fluctuation.2. AD/MDI: finger function parameters of tap response time fluctuations and contact duration significant differences.3. Negative correlations (rhythmic tapping with alternating hands task): MMSE and contact duration, and MMSE and contact duration fluctuations.4. As AD progresses, the following decrease: finger dexterity parameters of response time, rhythm, contact duration, and interhand coordination, together with several parameters indicating declines in finger dexterity with increasing dementia severity.5. Decreased correlation between rhythm fluctuation and contact duration fluctuation and MMSE.6. Significant decrease in hand function when diagnosed with dementia.