. 2024 May 31;32(Suppl 1):155–167. doi: 10.3233/THC-248014

Table 3.

Muscle activation data ( $n=$ 18)

Characteristics	AHS ( $n=$ 9)	KCS ( $n=$ 9)	$t$ / $F$	$p$ value^b
Lt. RA (% MVIC)
Pre-test	3.97 $\pm$ 2.77	3.67 $\pm$ 2.29 9 $+$	0.22	0.83
Post-test	3.78 $\pm$ 2.38	5.61 $\pm$ 2.94	$-$ 1.44	0.17
$t$ ( $p$ value^a)	0.45 (0.66)	$-$ *4.70 (0.01^)**
Rt. RA (% MVIC)
Pre-test	3.88 $\pm$ 2.72	4.54 $\pm$ 3.88 9 $+$	$-$ 0.42	0.68
Post-test	4.84 $\pm$ 3.70	5.81 $\pm$ 3.46	$-$ 0.58	0.57
$t$ ( $p$ value)	$-$ 1.71 (0.13)	$-$ 2.26 (0.05)
Lt. EO (% MVIC)
Pre-test	10.61 $\pm$ 6.25	9.21 $\pm$ 2.86 9 $+$	0.61	0.55
Post-test	9.40 $\pm$ 4.84	18.61 $\pm$ 8.00	$-$ 2.96	0.01^*
$t$ ( $p$ value)	1.20 (0.26)	$-$ *3.46 (0.01^)**
Rt. EO (% MVIC)
Pre-test	8.76 $\pm$ 4.74	10.95 $\pm$ 9.03 9 $+$	$-$ 0.65	0.53
Post-test	10.9 $\pm$ 7.41	18.2 $\pm$ 13.42	$-$ 1.43	0.17
$t$ ( $p$ value)	$-$ 1.41 (0.20)	$-$ 2.24 (0.06)
Lt. IO (% MVIC)
Pre-test	7.66 $\pm$ 4.85	6.18 $\pm$ 3.49	1.09	0.29
Post-test	5.58 $\pm$ 3.07	13.63 $\pm$ 8.71	$-$ 2.38	0.04^*
$t$ ( $p$ value)	1.62 (0.15)	$-$ *2.44 (0.04^)**
Rt. IO (% MVIC)
Pre-test	6.55 $\pm$ 4.22	6.05 $\pm$ 4.68	0.24	0.81
Post-test	7.46 $\pm$ 4.49	14.41 $\pm$ 12.38	$-$ 1.58	0.13
$t$ ( $p$ value)	$-$ 1.35 (0.21)	$-$ 1.98 (0.08)
Lt. ES (% MVIC)
Pre-test	7.72 $\pm$ 5.38	4.55 $\pm$ 3.23	1.57	0.14
Post-test	3.08 $\pm$ 2.03	4.97 $\pm$ 2.65	$-$ 1.68	0.11
$t$ ( $p$ value)	*2.53 (0.04^)**	$-$ 0.36 (0.75)
Rt. ES (% MVIC)
Pre-test	7.20 $\pm$ 3.44	5.75 $\pm$ 3.33	0.91	0.37
Post-test	4.36 $\pm$ 2.85	6.16 $\pm$ 3.82	$-$ 1.13	0.27
$t$ ( $p$ value)	*3.15 (0.01^)**	$-$ 0.39 (0.70)
BF (% MVIC)
Pre-test	2.08 $\pm$ 1.04	2.41 $\pm$ 1.25	$-$ 0.61	0.55
Post-test	1.97 $\pm$ 0.99	2.24 $\pm$ 1.31	$-$ 0.48	0.64
$t$ ( $p$ value)	0.72 (0.49)	0.98 (0.38)
RF (% MVIC)
Pre-test	32.68 $\pm$ 21.24	26.87 $\pm$ 6.57	0.784	0.44
Post-test	32.01 $\pm$ 21.64	23.39 $\pm$ 4.82	1.167	0.26
$t$ ( $p$ value)	0.41 (0.69)	2.00 (0.08)

Note. Values are expressed as the mean $\pm$ standard deviation. ^aPaired $t$ -test. ^bIndependent $t$ -test. Abbreviations: AHS, traditional active hamstring stretching; KCS, kinetic chain hamstring stretching; EMG, electromyography; MVIC, maximal voluntary isometric contraction; RA, rectus abdominis; EO, external abdominal oblique; IO, internal abdominal oblique; ES, erector spinae; BF, biceps femoris; RF, rectus femoris; TrA, transverse abdominis. ^*p< 0.05.