Table 2.
Participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics (CG, AT. and ACT groups)
| Variable | CG (n = 26) | AT (n = 27) | ACT (n = 25) | Kruskal–Wallis | p |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
| Age (y) | 71.04 (0.90) | 70.04 (0.86) | 69.32 (0.90) | χ2(2) = 3.063 | 0.21 |
| Education (y) | 9.07 (0.49) | 9.44 (0.35) | 9.48 (0.37) | χ2(2) = 0.58 | 0.74 |
| Disease duration | 5.38 (0.15) | 5.15 (0.15) | 5.36 (0.15) | χ2(2) = 0.52 | 0.76 |
| Sex | χ2(2) = 10.11 | 0.006 | |||
| Male | 15 (19.23) | 8(10.26) | 5 (5.13) | ||
| Female | 11 (14.10) | 19 (24.36) | 21 (26.92) | ||
| Marital status | χ2(2) = 6.41 | 0.04 | |||
| Married | 25 (32.05) | 20 (25.64) | 23 (29.49) | ||
| Widow | 1 (1.28) | 7 (8.97) | 2 (2.56) | ||
| Neuropsychological measures | |||||
| MMSE | 18.11 (0.07) | 18.03 (0.07) | 18.12 (0.08) | χ2(2) = 0.72 | 0.69 |
| RL/RI 16 | 8.88 (0.16) | 8.81 (0.16) | 8.64 (0.17) | χ2(2) = 0.90 | 0.63 |
| Letter fluency | 5.63 (0.17) | 5.52 (0.16) | 5.52 (0.17) | χ2(2) = 0.41 | 0.81 |
| Category fluency | 7.00 (0.15) | 7.04 (0.15) | 7.24 (0.15) | χ2(2) = 1.23 | 0.53 |
| Clock test | 1.50 (0.15) | 1.04 (0.14) | 1.20 (0.15) | χ2(2) = 5.03 | 0.08 |
| Psychological measures | |||||
| GDS 15 | 9.73 (0.22) | 8.85 (0.22) | 8.20 (0.22) | χ2(2) = 19.27 | 0.001 |
| WHOQOL-BREF-100D1 | 13.23 (0.25) | 13.00 (0.24) | 13.16 (0.25) | χ2(2) = 0.41 | 0.81 |
| WHOQOL-BREF-100D2 | 13.31 (0.23) | 13.26 (0.22) | 13.04 (0.23) | χ2(2) = 0.32 | 0.85 |
| WHOQOL-BREF-100D3 | 13.38 (0.19) | 14.30 (0.19) | 13.72 (0.19) | χ2(2) = 10.58 | 0.005 |
| WHOQOL-BREF-100D4 | 13.84 (0.25) | 13.85 (0.25) | 14.08 (0.26) | χ2(2) = 0.60 | 0.73 |
| Physiological measures | |||||
| 6MWT (m) | 272.19 (44.27) | 316.88 (52.66) | 306.22 (45.05) | χ2(2) = 11.37 | 0.003 |
| MHR (bpm) | 102.96 (7.18) | 106.96 (12.60) | 105.87 (12.60) | χ2(2) = 4.80 | 0.09 |
M, mean; SD, standard deviation; 1N (percentage per disease); MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF; D1, Physical health; D2, Psychiatry; D3, Social relationships; D4, Environment; 6MWT, the 6-Minute Walk Test; MHR, Maximum Heart Rate.