Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Participants
| Characteristic | TRE | Daily CR | Control |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Mean age (SD), y | 44 (12) | 44 (9) | 44 (13) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Female | 25 (83) | 24 (80) | 25 (83) |
| Male | 5 (17) | 6 (20) | 5 (17) |
| Race or ethnic group, n (%) | |||
| Black | 11 (37) | 9 (30) | 10 (33) |
| Asian | 3 (10) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) |
| Hispanic | 13 (43) | 11 (37) | 17 (57) |
| White | 3 (10) | 7 (23) | 3 (10) |
| Body composition | |||
| Mean body weight (SD), kg | 100 (17) | 102 (18) | 102 (17) |
| Mean fat mass (SD), kg | 46 (11) | 47 (11) | 47 (10) |
| Mean lean mass (SD), kg | 50 (10) | 50 (9) | 51 (8) |
| Mean visceral fat mass (SD), kg | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.8) |
| Mean waist circumference (SD), cm | 109 (13) | 110 (14) | 110 (13) |
| Mean height (SD), cm | 164 (9) | 166 (9) | 165 (7) |
| Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 37 (6) | 37 (5) | 38 (5) |
| Bone parameters | |||
| Mean bone mineral density (SD), g/cm2 | 1.28 (0.14) | 1.29 (0.10) | 1.29 (0.16) |
| Mean bone mineral content (SD), g | 2610 (429) | 2680 (390) | 2700 (449) |
| Blood pressure and heart rate | |||
| Mean systolic blood pressure (SD), mm Hg | 124 (16) | 125 (14) | 126 (14) |
| Mean diastolic blood pressure (SD), mm Hg | 84 (10) | 83 (9) | 85 (10) |
| Mean heart rate (SD), beats/min | 75 (12) | 75 (13) | 74 (13) |
| Plasma lipids | |||
| Mean total cholesterol (SD) | |||
| mmol/L | 4.79 (0.80) | 4.71 (0.96) | 4.61 (0.83) |
| mg/dL | 185 (31) | 182 (37) | 178 (32) |
| Mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SD) | |||
| mmol/L | 2.77 (0.70) | 2.85 (0.85) | 2.64 (0.73) |
| mg/dL | 107 (27) | 110 (33) | 102 (28) |
| Mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SD) | |||
| mmol/L | 1.42 (0.36) | 1.42 (0.28) | 1.27 (0.34) |
| mg/dL | 55 (14) | 55 (11) | 49 (13) |
| Mean triglycerides (SD) | |||
| mmol/L | 1.30 (0.53) | 0.99 (0.36) | 1.59 (0.85) |
| mg/dL | 115 (47) | 88 (32) | 141 (75) |
| Glucoregulatory factors | |||
| Mean fasting glucose (SD) | |||
| mmol/L | 4.94 (0.67) | 4.88 (0.72) | 4.83 (0.67) |
| mg/dL | 89 (12) | 88 (13) | 87 (12) |
| Mean fasting insulin (SD), pmol/L | 118.06 (76.40) | 76.40 (41.67) | 118.06 (69.45) |
| Mean insulin resistance (SD) (HOMA-IR) | 3.6 (2.8) | 2.6 (1.4) | 3.6 (2.6) |
| Mean insulin sensitivity (SD) (QUICKI) | 0.33 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.03) | 0.33 (0.03) |
| Mean hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.4) |
BMI = body mass index; CR = calorie restriction; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI = quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TRE = time-restricted eating.