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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: World Dev. 2024 May 20;181:106659. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106659

Table 7:

Sensitivity analysis comparing early vs. late EMB adopters

Health problem in past 30 days Received care to address health problem Received preventive services
DD/ DDD interaction (1) (2) (3)
Panel A: Difference-in-difference
POST = 1 × longerEMB = 1 −0.00913
(0.0241)		 −0.0484
(0.0339)		 −0.0264**
(0.0118)
N 97,158 25,447 74,859
POST = 1 × moreEMBdocs = 1 0.0930***
(0.0155)		 −0.0502*
(0.0259)		 0.0149*
(0.00820)
N 97,158 25,447 74,859
POST = 1 × moreEMBstaff = 1 0.0876***
(0.0159)		 −0.0292
(0.0267)		 0.0187**
(0.00853)
N 97,158 25,447 74,859
Panel B: Triple-differences
POST = 1 × longerEMB = 1 × ind = 1 −0.0489
(0.0510)		 0.0376
(0.103)		 0.0676**
(0.0287)
N 97,158 25,447 74,859
POST = 1 × moreEMBdocs = 1 × ind = 1 −0.119***
(0.0399)		 0.0744
(0.0663)		 −0.0299*
(0.0178)
N 97,158 25,447 74,859
POST = 1 × moreEMBstaff = 1 × ind = 1 −0.0797**
(0.0379)		 0.0901
(0.0591)		 −0.0366**
(0.0154)
N 97,158 25,447 74,859
Demographic controls Yes Yes Yes
Weather and climate controls Yes Yes Yes

Notes: The sample includes only individuals in cantons where EMB was eventually implemented as the comparison group (rather than including all cantons, including those not exposed to EMB prior to the ENSANUT survey). Demographic controls include age, gender, ethnicity, years of education, and log household per capita income. Weather and climate controls include average maximum and minimum temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) in past 7 days. longerEMB=1 represents individuals living in cantons with EMB exposure longer than the median number of weeks. moreEMBdocs=1 represents individuals living in cantons where the number of EMB primary care physicians per 1000 population exceeded the median. moreEMBstaff=1 represents those individuals living in cantons where the number of EMB mobile health staff members per 1000 population (nurses and community health workers) exceeded the median. ind=1 represents cantons where the concentration of indigenous populations is larger than the mean at the national level. Standard errors in parentheses:

*

p<0.10,

**

p<0.05,

***

p<0.01.