Table 1.
Concurrent protective effects of perceived gratitude and expressed gratitude (N = 316 couples)
| Relationship Satisfaction | Relationship Confidence | Relationship Instability | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | B | se | B | se | B | se |
| Models with Ineffective Arguing (Models 1.1–1.3) | ||||||
| Ineffective arguing | ||||||
| Between-person | −.43*** | .03 | −.26*** | .02 | .15*** | .01 |
| Within-person | −.23*** | .03 | −.12*** | .02 | .07*** | .01 |
| Perceived gratitude from partner | ||||||
| Between-person | .31*** | .05 | .15*** | .03 | −.09*** | .02 |
| Within-person | .51*** | .05 | .24*** | .03 | −.10*** | .01 |
| Expressed gratitude to partner | ||||||
| Between-person | .35*** | .05 | .23*** | .04 | .03 | .02 |
| Within-person | .15** | .05 | .14*** | .04 | −.04** | .02 |
| Ineffective Arguing × Perceived Gratitude | ||||||
| Between-person | .06*** | .01 | .03*** | .01 | −.01*** | .00 |
| Within-person | .04* | .02 | .03*1 | .01 | −.01* | .01 |
| Ineffective Arguing × Expressed Gratitude | ||||||
| Between-person | −.01 | .01 | .00 | .01 | −.00 | .00 |
| Within-person | −.03 | .02 | −.02 | .02 | .01 | .01 |
| Control Variables | ||||||
| Female | −.52** | .16 | −.44*** | .12 | .27*** | .05 |
| Time | −.21* | .09 | −.10 | .07 | .03 | .03 |
| Intervention | .26 | .27 | .34 | .20 | .10 | .09 |
| Models with Financial Strain (Models 2.1–2.3) | ||||||
| Financial Strain | ||||||
| Between-person | −.23*** | .07 | −.17** | .05 | .12*** | .02 |
| Within-person | −.20** | .07 | −.09 | .05 | .06** | .02 |
| Perceived gratitude from partner | ||||||
| Between-person | .56*** | .05 | .30*** | .03 | −.17*** | .01 |
| Within-person | .58*** | .05 | .28*** | .03 | −.12*** | .02 |
| Expressed gratitude to partner | ||||||
| Between-person | .46*** | .05 | .31*** | .04 | −.01 | .02 |
| Within-person | .20*** | .05 | .16*** | .04 | −.05** | .02 |
| Financial Strain × Perceived Gratitude | ||||||
| Between-person | .07*** | .02 | .04** | .02 | −.01 | .01 |
| Within-person | −.10* | .04 | −.07*1 | .03 | .04** | .01 |
| Financial Strain × Expressed Gratitude | ||||||
| Between-person | −.06*1 | .03 | −.06**1 | .02 | −.01 | .01 |
| Within-person | .05 | .05 | −.00 | .03 | .01 | .01 |
| Control Variables | ||||||
| Female | −.56*** | .16 | −.46*** | .12 | .26*** | .05 |
| Time | −.13 | .10 | −.07 | .07 | .01 | .03 |
| Intervention | .29 | .31 | .38 | .21 | .08 | .10 |
Note:
1
Interaction estimate did not remain statistically significant when applying the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (see Supplemental Table 5 for additional information. For additional information on parameter estimates (e.g., t-value, degrees of freedom), see Supplemental Table 3.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001