. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 21.

Published in final edited form as: J Soc Pers Relat. 2022 Oct 4;40(5):1622–1644. doi: 10.1177/02654075221131288

Table 2.

Longitudinal protective effects of perceived gratitude and expressed gratitude (N = 316 couples)

	Δ Relationship Satisfaction		Δ Relationship Confidence		Δ Relationship Instability
	B	se	B	se	B	se
Models with Ineffective Arguing (Models 3.1–3.3)
Δ Ineffective Arguing (IA)_W3–W1	−.45^***	.05	−.28^***	.03	.13^***	.01
Express Gratitude To Partner_{Mean W1, W2, W3}	.13	.10	−.02	.07	−.02	.03
Perceived Gratitude From Partner _{Mean W1, W2, W3}	−.15	.08	−.02	.06	.03	.03
Δ IA _W3–W1 × Expressed Gratitude_Mean	−.02	.02	−.01	.02	−.02^**¹	.01
Δ IA _W3–W1 × Perceived Gratitude_Mean	.06^**	.02	.04^**	.01	.00	.01
Female	−.34	.37	−.44	.29	−.21^*	.10
Intervention	−.56	.40	−.19	.28	.09	.13

Models with Financial Strain (Models 4.1–4.3)
Δ Financial Strain (FinStr) _W3–W1	−.31^**	.11	−.20^**	.07	.07^*	.03
Express Gratitude To Partner_{Mean (W1, W2, W3)}	.14	.10	−.01	.07	−.02	.03
Perceived Gratitude From Partner _{Mean (W1, W2, W3)}	−.02	.09	.06	.06	−.01	.03
Δ FinStr _W3–W1 × Expressed Gratitude_Mean	−.04	.05	−.03	.03	−.02	.01
Δ FinStr _W3–W1 × Perceived Gratitude_Mean	−.01	.04	.03	.03	.01	.01
Female	−.38	.38	−.49	.28	−.19	.11
Intervention	−.61	.48	−.17	.30	.09	.15

Note:

Interaction estimate did not remain statistically significant when applying the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (see Supplemental Table 5 for additional information). W1 = Wave 1. W2 = Wave 2. W3 = Wave 3. For additional information on parameter estimates (e.g., t-value, degrees of freedom), see Supplemental Table 4.

p < .05,

^**

p < .01,

^***

p < .001