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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Perspect ASHA Spec Interest Groups. 2024 May 7;9(3):836–852. doi: 10.1044/2024_PERSP-23-00204

Figure 2. Demographic Reporting Practices Among Empirical Studies in ASHA Journals Published in 2020.

Figure 2

Note. ASHA = American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Additional criteria for inclusion of studies were that participants were (a) human and (b) recruited in the United States. Gender was operationalized as any participant data encompassing masculine, feminine, or other gender-diverse identities and included data given as sex (e.g., male, female) unless explicitly differentiated from gender as a psychosocial identity. Race and ethnicity were operationalized per guidelines by the National Institutes of Health (NIH; 2015a), with race reflecting the following categories: American Indian, Asian, Black, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and White, as well as Multi-Racial and Other. Ethnicity reflects reporting of participants as Hispanic or Latino(a)(x) and Not Hispanic or Latino(a)(x).