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Chemical structures of A:U and G:C base pairs, showing how the chemical modifications m1A, m6A, Ψ, D, m5C, and ac4C impact base pairing. Arrows indicate increased (blue) or decreased (red) base pair stability as a result of the indicated modification. Abbreviations: Ψ, pseudouridine; ac4C, N4-acetylcytidine; D, dihydrouridine; m1A, N1-methyladenosine; m5C, N5-methylcytidine; m6A, N6-methyladenosine.
