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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 21.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Biochem. 2023 Apr 5;92:175–198. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-035949

Figure 4.

Figure 4

mRNA modifications can regulate translation via multiple mechanisms. Installation of different chemical groups can stabilize or destabilize structured 5′ untranslated regions, which in turn influences the efficiency with which the ribosome can scan those regions. Modifications at canonical (AUG) or near-cognate (CUG) translation initiation sites can also directly impact codon–anticodon interactions. Abbreviations: Ψ, pseudouridine; ac4C, N4-acetylcytidine; D, dihydrouridine; m1A, N1-methyladenosine; m7G, N7-methylguanosine.