| Physical activity (PA) |
| Florin et al. 2007 (cross‐sectional multi‐center survey study, 2648 CCS) |
Not meeting physical activity recommendations
Female sex (vs. male sex), OR 1.2, 95% CI (1.1–1.2) Ethnicity (vs. White Non‐Hispanic): being Black Non‐Hispanic, OR 1.5, 95% CI (1.5–1.6); Being Other Non‐Hispanic, OR 1.2, 95% CI (1.1–1.2); being Hispanic (vs. White Non‐Hispanic), OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.4–1.5) Lower income < $20,000 (vs. ≥ $20,000), OR 1.2, 95% CI (1.2–1.3) Education (vs. college graduate); some high school education, OR 1.5, 95% CI (1.4–1.6); graduated high school, OR 1.3 (1.2–1.3); some college or vocational school, OR 1.1, 95% CI (1.1–1.2) ALL treatment (vs. female control): chemo only, OR 1.3, 95% CI (1.1–1.6); chemo + CRT < 20 Gy, OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.2–1.8); chemo + CRT > 20 Gy, OR 2.1, 95% CI (1.7–2.6) ALL treatment (vs. male control): chemo + CRT < 20 Gy, OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.1–1.7); chemo + CRT > 20 Gy (vs. male control), OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.2–1.8)
Inactive lifestyle
Survivors (vs. non‐survivors), OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.6–1.9) Female sex (vs. male sex), OR 1.3, 95% CI (1.3–1.4) Ethnicity (vs. White Non‐Hispanic): being Black Non‐Hispanic, OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.6–1.8); being Other Non‐Hispanic, OR 1.3, 95% CI (1.2–1.4); being Hispanic (vs. White Non‐Hispanic), OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.8–2.0) Lower income < $20,000 (vs. income ≥ $20,000), OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.6–1.7) Education (vs. college graduate): some high school education, OR 3.8, 95% CI (3.6–4.0); graduated high school, OR 2.5, 95% CI (2.4–2.6); some college or vocational school (vs. college graduate), OR 1.5, 95% CI (1.5–1.6) Current smoker (vs. no current smoker), OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.3–1.4) Female ALL survivor – chemo + CRT > 20 Gy (vs. female control), OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.5–2.3) Male ALL survivor – chemo + CRT < 20 Gy (vs. male control), OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.3–2.2)
Male ALL survivor – chemo + CRT > 20 Gy (vs. male control), OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.5–2.3)
|
| Cox et al. 2009 (cross‐sectional survey study, 838 CCS) |
Higher physical activity participation (as indicated by Structural Equation Modeling)
In men:
More education Greater fear regarding future health Higher baseline exercise frequency Familiarity of primary care physician with cancer‐related problems
|
| Ness et al. 2009 (cross‐sectional multi‐center study, 9301 CCS) |
Not meeting physical activity recommendations
Female sex (vs. male), RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.1–1.3) Non‐Hispanic Black (vs. Non‐Hispanic White), RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.2–1.3) Hispanic (vs. Non‐Hispanic White), RR 1.1, 99% CI (1.0–1.2) Other race/ethnicity (vs. Non‐Hispanic White), RR 1.1, 99% CI (1.0–1.2) Older age: 30–49 years vs. 18–29 years, RR 1.1, 99% CI (1.0–1.2), ≥ 50 years vs. 18–29 years, RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.1–1.4) Higher education: high school graduate vs. < high school, RR 0.9, 99% CI (0.8–1.0) Being a student (vs. working/ caring for home/family), RR 0.8, 99% CI (0.7–0.9) Being unable to work (vs. working/ caring for home/family), RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.1–1.3) Being either underweight or obese (vs. normal weight), RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.1–1.3) Being overweight (vs. normal weight); RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.0–1.2) Ever smoking (vs. never), RR 0.9, 99% CI (0.8–1.0) Women: amputation of lower limb (vs. no surgery), RR 1.3, 99% CI (1.2–1.5) Men: amputation of lower limb (vs. no surgery), RR 1.3, 99% CI (1.1–1.5) Other surgery (vs. no surgery), RR 1.1, 99% CI (1.0–1.2) Women: chemotherapy including anthracyclines (vs. no chemotherapy), RR 1.1, 99% CI (1.0–1.2) Women: any cranial radiation (vs. no radiation), RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.1–1.3) Women: other radiation (vs. no radiation), RR 1.1, 99% CI (1.0–1.2) Men: chest radiation without cranial radiation (vs. no radiation), RR 1.1, 99% CI (1.0–1.2)
Inactive lifestyle
Female sex (vs. male), RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.1–1.3) Non‐Hispanic Black (vs. Non‐Hispanic White), RR 1.7, 99% CI (1.3–2.2) Older age: 30–39 years (vs. 18–29 years), RR 1.5, 95% CI (1.3–1.7); 40–49 years (vs. 18–29 years), RR 1.5, 95% CI (1.3–1.8); ≥50 years (vs. 18–29 years), RR 2.0, 99% CI (1.4–3.0) Higher education: high school graduate vs. < high school, RR 0.8, 99% CI (0.6–1.0); college graduate vs. < high school, RR 0.4, 99% CI (0.3–0.6) Being unemployed, looking for work (vs. caring for home or family), RR 1.3, 99% CI (1.0–1.6) Being unable to work (vs. caring for home or family), RR 2.1, 99% CI (1.7–2.5) Being either underweight (vs. normal weight), RR 1.5, 99% CI (1.2–1.9) Being obese (vs. normal weight), RR 1.4, 99% CI (1.3–1.7) Being a current smoker (vs. never smoker), RR 1.5, 99% CI (1.2–1.9) Being depressed at time of interview (vs. not depressed), RR 1.4, 99% CI (1.2–1.7) Women: amputation of lower limb (vs. no surgery), RR 1.6, 99% CI (1.2–1.5) Men: amputation of lower limb (vs. no surgery), RR 1.4, 99% CI (1.0–1.9) Women: other surgery (vs. no surgery), RR 1.2, 99% CI (1.0–1.4) Women: chemotherapy including and without anthracyclines (vs. no chemotherapy), RR 1.1, 99% CI (1.0–1.3) Women: any cranial radiation (vs. no radiation), RR 1.5, 99% CI (1.3–1.7) Men: any cranial radiation (vs. no radiation), RR 1.3, 99% CI (1.1–1.6)
|
| Rueegg et al. 2012 (cross‐sectional multi‐center study, 1058 CCS) |
Inactivity
Being female, OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.2–2.2) Education: compulsory schooling vs. vocational training, OR = 1.9, 95% CI (1.1–3.3), upper secondary education vs. vocational training, OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.1–2.0), university education vs. vocational training, OR 1.8, 95% CI (1.0–3.3) Underweight vs. normal weight, OR 3.0, 95% CI (1.3–6.8) Obese vs. normal weight, OR 1.5, 95% CI (0.8–2.6)
No sports
Education: compulsory schooling vs. vocational training, OR = 1.7, 95% CI (1.0–2.9), upper secondary education vs. vocational training, OR 0.9, 95% CI (0.6–1.2), university education vs. vocational training, OR 0.5, 95% CI (0.3–1.0) Having children, OR 1.8, 95% CI (1.0–3.2) Underweight vs. normal weight, OR 1.2, 95% CI (0.6–2.6) Obese vs. normal weight, OR 2.3, 95% CI (1.3–4.1) Current smoking, OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.4–2.6)
|
| Rueegg et al. 2012 (cross‐sectional multi‐center study, 1038 CCS) |
Any limitations in sports
Parent's education (vs. secondary education): primary education, OR 0.4, 95% CI (0.1–1.2); unknown education, OR 3.0, 95% CI (1.2–7.4) Cancer diagnosis (vs. leukemia): lymphoma, OR 1.2, 95% CI (0.5–2.7); CNS tumor, OR 9.4, 95% CI (4.3–20.7); neuroblastoma, OR 3.8, 95% CI (1.2–11.6); retinoblastoma, OR 8.6, 95% CI (2.3–32.3); renal & hepatic tumors, OR 1.7, 95% CI (0.6–4.8); bone tumor, OR 13.6, 95% CI (5.6–33.3); soft tissue sarcoma, OR 2.9, 95% CI (1.1–7.7); germ cell tumor, OR 2.1, 95% CI (0.4–10.1); other tumors, OR 5.7, 95% CI (1.0–31.8); Langerhans cell histiocytosis, OR 1.6, 95% CI (0.4–7.5) Cancer treatment (vs. chemotherapy): surgery only, OR 0.4, 95% CI (0.1–0.9); radiotherapy, OR 1.6, 95% CI (0.9–2.9); bone marrow transplantation, OR 0.9, 95% CI (0.2–3.3)
Any limitations in daily activities
Parent's education (vs. secondary education): primary education, OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.0–3.5); tertiary education, OR 1.0, 95% CI (0.6–1.8), unknown education, OR 2.8, 95% CI (1.5–5.4) Cancer diagnosis (vs. leukemia): lymphoma, OR 0.9, 95% CI (0.5–1.8); CNS tumor, OR 5.8, 95% CI (3.1–10.8); neuroblastoma, OR 2.4, 95% CI (1.0–6.2); retinoblastoma, OR 2.9, 95% CI (0.8–10.1); renal & hepatic tumors, OR 2.2, 95% CI (1.0–4.6); bone tumor, OR 10.9, 95% CI (5.0–23.5); soft tissue sarcoma, OR 1.8, 95% CI (0.8–4.0); germ cell tumor, OR 1.2, 95% CI (0.3–4.2); other tumors, OR 1.9, 95% CI (0.3–10.0); Langerhans cell histiocytosis, OR 2.9, 95% CI (1.2–7.4) Cancer treatment (vs. chemotherapy): surgery only, OR 0.5, 95% CI (0.2–1.1); radiotherapy, OR 2.1, 95% CI (1.3–3.3); bone marrow transplantation, OR 3.0, 95% CI (1.2–7.1)
|
| Slater et al. 2016 (cross‐sectional survey study, 158 CCS) |
Engaging in active transportation
Being married or living with a partner (vs. not), OR 0.3, 95% CI (0.1–0.8) Less planning/psychosocial barriers (vs. more), OR 0.2, 95% CI (0.0–0.5) Higher perceived walkability of the neighborhood (vs. lower), OR 2.6, 95% CI (1.1–5.7)
|
| Darabos et al. 2021 (cross‐sectional survey study, 307 CCS) |
Not meeting physical activity recommendations
Non‐Hispanic race, OR 0.3, 95% CI (0.1–0.7) Longer time since treatment completion, OR 0.8, 95% CI (0.6–0.9)
|
| Smoking |
| Emmons et al. 2003 (randomized trial of a smoking cessation intervention, 796 smoking CCS) |
Higher smoking rates (β represents the increase in the odds of higher smoking rates)
Older current age: β = 0.0226, p < 0.0001 Education: less than high school vs. more than high school: β = 0.3311, p = 0.0019 Social norms: most smoke vs. none/few smoke: β = 0.5657 p < 0.0001; about half smoke vs. none/few smoke: β = 0.1881 p = 0.016 Support for quitting: a little or a lot vs. not at all: β = 0.2027, p = 0.0256 Higher score on the global severity index (severe psychological symptoms): β = 0.0077, p = 0.0238
Nicotine dependence
Older age: OR 1.0, 95% CI (1.0–1.1) Low level of education: < high school vs. college graduate, OR 2.8, 95% CI (1.6–5.0); high school graduate vs. college graduate, OR 2.4, 95% CI (2.4–1.5); post high school vs. college graduate, OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.2–3.0) A greater proportion of smokers in social network: most smoke vs. non/few smoke, OR 2.2, 95% CI (1.5–3.2); about half smoke vs. non/few smoke, OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.2–2.4) Higher score on the global severity index (severe psychological symptoms): OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.1–2.7)
More quit attempts
Younger age, OR 1.0, 95% CI (1.0–1.0) Support for quitting: a little or a lot vs. not at all: OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.1–2.5) Social support: a lot vs. not at all, OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.1–2.5) Seeing oneself as more vulnerable to smoking‐related illnesses, OR 1.2, 95% CI (1.1–1.3) Social networks of which most smoke vs. none/few/half smoke, OR 0.6, 95% CI (0.5–0.9)
Readiness to quit
Support for quitting: a lot vs. not at all, OR 3.8, 95% CI (2.5–5.6), a little vs. not at all, OR 2.2, 95% CI (1.5–3.3) Seeing oneself as more vulnerable to smoking‐related illnesses, OR 1.2, 95% CI (1.1–1.3)
|
| Emmons et al. 2005 (randomized trial of a smoking cessation intervention, 796 smoking CCS; overlap with Emmons et al. 2003) |
Smoking cessation
Counseling vs. self‐help at both the 8‐month (16.8% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.01) and 12‐month follow‐ups (15% vs. 9%, p = 0.01). Long‐term self‐efficacy (vs. little or no self‐efficacy), OR 1.4 (1.2–1.6) Having a lot of energy in the past 4 weeks, OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.1–2.0)
|
| Kahalley et al. 2012 (cross‐sectional multi‐center survey, 307 CCS) |
Smoking
No history of cranial radiotherapy (vs. history of cranial radiotherapy), RR, 95% CI 2.4 (1.1–5.2) Household smoking (vs. no household smoking), RR 2.2, 95% CI (1.2–4.2) Suicidal behavior (vs. no suicidal behavior), RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.9 (1.0–3.6) Peer smoking and binge eating (vs. no peer smoking and no binge eating), RR 3.4, 95% CI (1.2–9.7)
|
| Bougas et al. 2021 (cohort study, 2887 CCS) |
Smoking
Being a CNS tumor survivor (vs. Wilms tumor survivors), RR 0.4, 95% CI (0.3–0.6). Treatment with chemotherapy RR 0.9, 95% CI (0.7–1.0) Treatment with thoracic radiation therapy RR 0.8, 95% CI (0.6–1.0) Having had a second cancer, RR 0.7, 95% CI (0.4–1.0) Having (had) a cardiovascular disease, RR 0.7, 95% CI (0.5–1.0) Being male, RR 1.4, 95% CI (1.2–1.6) Being married, RR 0.8, 95% CI (0.7–1.0) Being ≥40 years (vs. <30 years), RR 0.8, 95% CI (0.6–1.0) Higher education level: graduated from college (vs. high school dropout), RR 0.6, 95% CI (0.5–0.7) Poor physical quality of life score (< first quartile vs. others), RR 0.8, 95% CI (0.7–1.0) Poor mental quality of life score (<first quartile vs. > third quartile), RR 1.6, 95% CI (1.3–1.9)
Quitting smoking
Being male, RR 0.8, 95% CI (0.7–0.9) Being married, RR 1.2, 95% CI (1.1–1.4) Higher educational level, RR 1.5, 95% CI (1.2–1.7) Having had a second cancer, RR 1.3, 95% CI (1.0–1.6)
|
| Cappelli et al. 2021 (cohort study, 127 young adult cancer survivors) |
Smoking
Higher cancer treatment intensity score, OR 0.3, 95% CI (0.1–0.8) Being a past smoker, OR 5.9, 95% CI (1.2–29.9)
|
| Darabos et al. 2021 (cross‐sectional survey study, 307 CCS) |
Smoking
Female sex, OR 0.2, 95% CI (0.1–0.8) White race (vs. African American, Asian, American Indian/Alaskan native, other race), OR 11.4, 95% CI (1.2–104.8)
|
| Cheung et al. 2022 (cross‐sectional survey study, 200 CCS) |
Smoking
|
| Alcohol consumption |
| Lown et al. 2008 (cross‐sectional survey study, 10,398 CCS) |
Heavy drinking
Younger age, OR 2.7, 95% CI (1.9–3.9) Being male, OR 2.1, 95% CI (1.8–2.6) Education: grades 0–12 vs. college graduate, OR 3.4, 95% CI (2.7–4.4); some post‐high school vs. college graduate, OR 2.2, 95% CI (1.7–2.8) Age of first drink: <14 years vs. 21+ years, OR 6.9, 95% CI (4.4–10.8), 15–16 years vs. 21+ years, OR 5.3, 95% CI (3.5–8.1), 17–20 years vs. 21+ years, OR 2.9, 95% CI (1.9–4.4) Older age at diagnosis: 15–21 years vs. 5–9 years, OR 0.7, 95% CI (0.5–1.0) Fair/poor general health (vs. excellent/very good/good), OR 1.5, 95% CI (1.1–1.9) Abnormal depression (vs. normal). OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.4–2.2) Abnormal anxiety (vs. normal), OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.1–1.9) Abnormal somatization (vs. normal), OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.3–2.2) Abnormal Global Severity Index score including depression, somatization and anxiety (vs. normal), OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.5–2.4) Activity limitations (vs. not limited at all), OR 1.3, 95% CI (1.1–1.5) Some anxiety about cancer (vs. none), OR 1.2, 95% CI (1.0–1.4) Cancer diagnosis (vs. leukemia): Hodgkin's disease OR 1.4, 95% CI (1.0–1.8), Wilms tumor OR 1.5 (1.1–2.1), neuroblastoma OR 1.6, 95% CI (1.1–2.3), and Bone tumor OR 1.7, 95% CI (1.2–2.2) Intrathecal methotrexate or cranial radiation, OR 0.7, 95% CI (0.5–0.8)
|
| Cappelli et al. 2021 (cohort study, 127 young adult cancer survivors) |
Binge drinking
|
| Darabos et al. 2021 (cross‐sectional survey study, 307 CCS) |
Binge drinking
Higher age at baseline, OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.1–3.4) Solid tumor diagnosis (vs. leukemia/lymphoma/brain tumor), OR 1.9, 95% CI (1.0–3.6) Higher intensity of treatment, OR 0.6, 95% CI (0.4–1.0)
|
| Cheung et al. 2022 (cross‐sectional survey study, 200 CCS) |
Alcohol consumption
Female sex, OR 0.3, 95% CI (0.2–0.7) No private medical insurance, OR 0.4, 95% CI (0.2–0.9)
|
| Diet |
| Zhang et al. 2016 (retrospective cohort study with cross‐sectional assessment, 2570 CCS) |
High diet quality based on adjusted means Healthy Eating
Index–2010 (maximum score = 100):
Higher age: 58.0 (56.7, 59.3) for age 40–64 years, 56.3 (55.2, 57.4) for age 30–39 years, 55.1 (54.0, 56.2) for age 18–29 years Female sex, 59.3 (58.3, 60.4), vs. male sex 53.6 (52.6, 54.7) Higher education level: college graduate 60.1 (59.4, 61.7) vs. some post high‐school 55.7 (54.6, 56.8) and grades 0–12 53.2 (52.0, 54.4 Non‐smokers 57.9 (57.0, 58.9) and former smokers 57.7 (56.1, 59.2) vs. current smokers 53.9 (52.7, 55.1) Being physically active 58.5 (57.5, 59.6) vs. inactive 54.5 (53.4, 55.5) Overweight 58.0 (57.0, 59.0) and normal weight 57.3 (56.3, 58.3) vs. underweight 54.1 (51.6, 56.7) and obesity 56.5 (55.5, 57.5) Primary cancer diagnosis with leukemia 58.7 (57.9, 59.5) and lymphoma 59.4 (58.3, 60.4) vs. embryonal tumors 56.9 (55.5, 58.2, sarcoma 57.3 (56.0, 58.6), CNS tumors 57.7 (56.1, 59.3), and other tumors 57.0 (55.2, 58.8) Age at diagnosis: 5–9 years (58.2 (57.1, 59.2), 10–14 years 58.5 (57.4, 59.5), and >15 years 58.2 (56.9, 59.5) vs. < 5 years 56.9 (56.0, 57.8) Lower abdomen radiation dose: 0 Gy 58.9 (58.0, 59.7) vs. 1–19.9 Gy 57.2 (55.0, 59.4), 20–29.9 Gy 56.7 (54.8, 58.5) and ≥ 30 Gy 56.1 (54.2, 58.0) 1500–8999 Mg/m2 cumulative glucocorticoid dose: 59.7 (57.9, 61.5) vs. 0 57.7 (56.9, 58.4), 1–1499 Mg/m2 57.1 (55.4, 58.7) and ≥ 9000 Mg/m2 56.9 (55.0, 58.5)
|
| Bhandari et al. 2021 (cross‐sectional survey study, 446 CCS) |
Vitamin D deficiency
Hispanic or Black race (vs. non‐Hispanic white), OR 2.4, 95% CI (1.4–4.1) Being overweight (vs. normal/underweight), OR 1.8, 95% CI (1.0–3.1) Being obese (vs. normal/underweight), OR 2.4, 95% CI (1.4–4.1)
|
| Cheung et al. 2022 (cross‐sectional survey study, 200 CCS) |
Adoption of a balanced diet more than ≥4 days per week
Younger age at interview, OR 1.0, 95% CI (0.9–1.0) Primary cancer diagnosis including hematological malignancies vs. CNS tumors, OR 2.5, 95% CI (1.3–4.7)
|
| Darabos et al. 2021 (cross‐sectional survey study, 307 CCS) |
Not meeting fruit/vegetable intake recommendations
|
| Sun exposure |
| Zwemer et al. 2012 (cross‐sectional survey study, 153 young adult cancer survivors) |
Low adherence to sunbathing recommendations
Age 26–60 years (vs. <26 years), OR 0.4, 95% CI (0.2–0.9) Female sex, OR 2.4, 95% CI (1.1–5.5)
Low adherence recommendations during incidental sun exposure
|
| Darabos et al. 2021 (cross‐sectional survey study, 307 CCS) |
Engaging in unsafe sun protective habits
Female sex, OR 0.6, 95% CI (0.3–1.0) Non‐Hispanic White race (vs. Hispanic), OR 0.4, 95% CI (0.2–0.8)
|
| Cheung et al. 2022 (cross‐sectional survey study, 200 CCS) |
Sunscreen use more than ≥4 days per week
Female sex, OR 5.7, 95% CI (2.4–13.3) Educational level: secondary school or below vs. above secondary school, OR 0.2, 95% CI (0.1–0.8) Monthly household income: ≤$30,000 vs. >$30,000, OR 0.4, 95% CI (0.2–0.8)
|
| Fluehr et al. 2023 (cross‐sectional survey study, 94 CAYA cancer survivors) |
Increased sun protection behaviors (as indicated hierarchical linear regression)
|
| Health behavior in general |
| Klosky et al. 2012 (retrospective multi‐center survey study, 307 CAYA cancer survivors) |
Poor overall behavioral health
|
