Table 8.
Effect of WfH on individual objective health and well-being
| Outcome: | No. of sick days | WHO-5 Well-Being Index standardized |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2SLS | 2SLS | |||
| 2nd St. | 1st St. | 2nd St. | 1st St. | |
| WfH (dummy:1=yes) | – 14.61 | 0.636* | ||
| (13.62) | (0.341) | |||
| Share mob. devices | 0.00118*** | 0.00106*** | ||
| (0.000230) | (0.000146) | |||
| Female (dummy:1=yes) | 0.456 | – 0.0369 | 0.0301 | – 0.0545*** |
| (1.837) | (0.0243) | (0.0436) | (0.0155) | |
| Migration background (dummy:1=yes) | 2.863 | 0.0370 | – 0.0450 | – 0.00812 |
| (2.515) | (0.0294) | (0.0546) | (0.0179) | |
| Foreigner (dummy:1=yes) | 2.069 | 0.0275 | 0.0356 | 0.00980 |
| (5.170) | (0.0608) | (0.109) | (0.0368) | |
| Partner (dummy:1=yes) | – 0.112 | 0.0479** | 0.0624 | 0.0394*** |
| (1.608) | (0.0194) | (0.0398) | (0.0123) | |
| Age (in years) | – 0.489 | 0.00960 | – 0.0304** | 0.00896* |
| (0.572) | (0.00864) | (0.0132) | (0.00496) | |
| Age2 (in years2) | 0.00631 | – 0.000120 | 0.000413*** | – 0.000114** |
| (0.00604) | (0.0000898) | (0.000140) | (0.0000521) | |
| Parent (dummy:1=yes) | 2.313 | 0.0543*** | – 0.0514 | 0.0317** |
| (1.418) | (0.0209) | (0.0318) | (0.0126) | |
| Caregiver (dummy:1=yes) | 1.941 | – 0.00760 | – 0.162*** | – 0.00351 |
| (1.634) | (0.0219) | (0.0373) | (0.0130) | |
| Tertiary education degree (dummy:1=yes) | 1.908 | 0.0718*** | – 0.0991** | 0.0573*** |
| (1.734) | (0.0238) | (0.0406) | (0.0159) | |
| University degree (dummy:1=yes) | – 2.830 | 0.102*** | – 0.00323 | 0.0825*** |
| (2.015) | (0.0306) | (0.0508) | (0.0204) | |
| Risk taking (Likert scale) | 0.482 | 0.0121*** | 0.0186** | 0.00723** |
| (0.369) | (0.00442) | (0.00794) | (0.00282) | |
| Fix-term contract (dummy:1=yes) | 4.498 | 0.0295 | – 0.0698 | 0.0132 |
| (3.220) | (0.0588) | (0.0763) | (0.0304) | |
| Part-time contract (dummy:1=yes) | – 1.504 | – 0.0533* | 0.0230 | – 0.0336** |
| (2.163) | (0.0285) | (0.0476) | (0.0170) | |
| Shift-work (dummy:1=yes) | 1.627 | – 0.0622*** | – 0.0223 | – 0.0621*** |
| (1.883) | (0.0192) | (0.0425) | (0.0110) | |
| Actual tenure (in years) | – 0.117 | 0.00456 | – 0.0108** | 0.00186 |
| (0.238) | (0.00336) | (0.00549) | (0.00213) | |
| Actual tenure2 (in years2) | 0.000652 | – 0.000139 | 0.000208 | – 0.0000702 |
| (0.00621) | (0.0000870) | (0.000146) | (0.0000563) | |
| Actual experience (in years) | 0.0501 | 0.00387 | – 0.00157 | 0.00296 |
| (0.375) | (0.00577) | (0.00908) | (0.00337) | |
| Actual experience2 (in years2) | – 0.00183 | – 0.0000669 | 0.0000588 | – 0.0000464 |
| (0.00644) | (0.0000963) | (0.000160) | (0.0000565) | |
| No. of subordinates (in hundreds) | – 0.147*** | 0.00221 | 0.00559* | 0.00329 |
| (0.0537) | (0.00224) | (0.00306) | (0.00288) | |
| 100 <= Empl. < 200 (dummy:1=yes) | – 11.22* | – 0.277 | – 0.0726 | 0.0118 |
| (6.779) | (0.276) | (0.174) | (0.0535) | |
| 200 <= Empl. < 500 (dummy:1=yes) | – 14.90 | – 0.493* | – 0.222 | 0.0139 |
| (10.91) | (0.300) | (0.216) | (0.0630) | |
| 500 <= Empl. < 1.000 (dummy:1=yes) | – 7.975 | – 0.533* | – 0.173 | – 0.0133 |
| (13.18) | (0.307) | (0.248) | (0.0763) | |
| 1.000 > Empl. (dummy:1=yes) | 48.46 | – 0.518* | – 0.323 | – 0.0605 |
| (48.55) | (0.312) | (0.326) | (0.118) | |
| Change of managment in last 2 yrs. (dummy:1=yes) | 3.316* | 0.0408 | – 0.0781* | 0.0156 |
| (2.001) | (0.0298) | (0.0408) | (0.0151) | |
| Very good health (dummy:1=yes) | – 12.50*** | – 0.00463 | ||
| (1.478) | (0.0236) | |||
| Good health (dummy:1=yes) | – 8.133*** | – 0.0394** | ||
| (1.304) | (0.0163) | |||
| Poor health (dummy:1=yes) | 17.95*** | – 0.0141 | ||
| (2.954) | (0.0250) | |||
| Bad health (dummy:1=yes) | 34.10*** | 0.00997 | ||
| (5.738) | (0.0576) | |||
| Big five individual controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Establishment FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Occupation FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Occupational FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 3530 | 3530 | 7850 | 7850 |
| Effective F-statistic | 26.371 | 26.371 | 52.905 | 52.905 |
This table shows the estimated coefficients of the 2SLS second stage regressions of Eq. 1 and the estimated coefficients of the 2SLS first stage regression of Eq. 2 for the outcome of number of sick days as well as the standardized WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Control variables are included as indicated in the respective equations. For the number of sick days specification, a measure of subjective health is additionally included. Standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the individual level for all regressions. The Effective F-statistic refers to Olea and Pflueger [50]. Coefficients of the big five individual controls are available on request
* , ** , ***