Table 3.
Beliefs on possible factors contributing to antibiotic resistance in the hospitals, in 2022 (N = 181).
| Items and Level of agreement on each statement, frequency (%) | Category of Profession |
P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physician (%) | Pharmacy (%) | Total (%) | |||
| Inappropriate consumption of antibiotics is a major cause of antibiotic resistance in this hospital | Disagree | 9(64.3) | 5(35.7) | 14 (7.7) | 0.31 |
| Neutral | 21(70.0) | 9(30.0) | 30 (16.6) | ||
| Agree | 76(55.5) | 61(44.5) | 137 (75.7) | ||
| The easy access to antibiotics without a prescription in Ethiopia contributes to antibiotic resistance | Disagree | 8(53.3) | 7(42.7) | 15 (8.3) | 0.259 |
| Neutral | 9(81.8) | 2(19.2) | 11 (6.1) | ||
| Agree | 89(57.4) | 66(42.6) | 155 (85.6) | ||
| The prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics is directly linked to antibiotic resistance in this hospital | Disagree | 20(69.0) | 9(31.0) | 29 (16) | 0.045a |
| Neutral | 34(70.8) | 14(29.2) | 48 (26.6) | ||
| Agree | 52(50.0) | 52(50.0) | 104 (57.5) | ||
| This hospital performs adequate surveillance for drug-resistant organisms | Disagree | 80(63.0) | 47(37.0) | 127 (70.2) | 0.144 |
| Neutral | 18(51.4) | 17(47.6) | 35 (19.3) | ||
| Agree | 8(42.1) | 11(57.9) | 19 (10.5) | ||
| The lack of adequate diagnostic tests in this hospital leads to overuse of antibiotics contributing to AMR | Disagree | 22(68.8) | 10(31.2) | 32 (17.7) | 0.117 |
| Neutral | 13(43.3) | 17(56.7) | 30 (16.6 | ||
| Agree | 71(59.7) | 48(40.3) | 119 (65.7 | ||
| This hospital provides adequate staff education regarding antibiotic consumption and resistance | Disagree | 79(63.7) | 45(36.3) | 124 (68.5) | 0.048a |
| Neutral | 19(54.3) | 16(45.7) | 35 (19.3) | ||
| Agree | 8(36.4) | 14(63.6) | 22 (12.2) | ||
| I suspect that antibiotics available in my hospital are of poor quality and contribute to AMR | Disagree | 56(55.4) | 45(44.6) | 101(55.8) | 0.547 |
| Neutral | 32(60.4) | 21(39.6) | 53 (29.3) | ||
| Agree | 18(66.7) | 9(33.3) | 27 (14.9) | ||
| Neutral | 18(52.9) | 16(47.1) | 34 (18.8) | ||
| Agree | 69(62.2) | 42(37.8) | 111 (61.3) | ||
| The sporadic supply of antibiotics in my hospital leads to interruptions of therapy contributing to antibiotic resistance | Disagree | 24(60.0) | 16(40.0) | 40 (22.1) | 0.534 |
| Neutral | 26(52.0) | 24(48.0) | 50 (27.6) | ||
| Agree | 56(61.5) | 35(38.5) | 91 (50.3) | ||
| The lack of close clinical follow-up during antibiotic consumption in my hospital contributes to antibiotic resistance | Disagree | 25(73.5) | 9(26.5) | 34 (18.8) | 0.182 |
| Neutral | 24(58.5) | 17(41.5) | 41 (22.6) | ||
| Agree | 57(53.8) | 49(46.2) | 106 (58.6) | ||
| Patient demands and expectations contribute to overuse of antibiotics contributing to AMR in this hospital | Disagree | 36(67.9) | 17(32.1) | 53 (29.3) | 0.003a |
| Neutral | 42(70.0) | 18(30.0) | 60 (33.2) | ||
| Agree | 28(41.2) | 40(58.8) | 68 (37.6) | ||
| Neutral | 14(53.8) | 12(46.2) | 26 (14.4) | ||
| Agree | 81(64.3) | 45(35.7) | 126 (69.6) | ||
| Poor infection control practices by health professionals significantly contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance in this hospital | Disagree | 19(52.8) | 17(47.2) | 36 (19.9) | 0.022a |
| Neutral | 31(77.5) | 9(22.5) | 40 (22.1) | ||
| Agree | 56(53.3) | 49(46.7) | 105 (58.) | ||
| Adherence to hand-hygiene protocols is acceptable at this hospital | Disagree | 48(69.6) | 21(29.4) | 69 (38.1) | 0.044a |
| Neutral | 27(56.3) | 21(43.7) | 48 (26.5) | ||
| Agree | 31(48.4) | 33(51.6) | 64 (35.4) | ||
| Patient rooms and equipment are cleaned appropriately as per hospital cleaning protocol once a patient carrying a drug-resistant organism (DRO) has been discharged from this hospital | Disagree | 60(66.7) | 30(33.3) | 90 (49.7) | 0.007a |
| Neutral | 32(60.4) | 21(39.6) | 53 (29.3) | ||
| Agree | 14(36.8) | 24(64.2) | 38 (21.) | ||
*Physicians more agreed.
a
Pharmacy professionals agreed.