Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.

Author, year, Country	Sample Size	Participants (Children with CP) Age in years Mean (SD) or median (IQR) Sex in %	Participants (Caregivers) Age in years Mean (SD) or median (IQR)	Intervention group		Control group
Weindling et al., 2007 33 United Kingdom	N=88 Intervention 1: 31 Intervention 2: 28 Control: 29	Children with spastic CP < 4 years FSWG: 21.2 ± 9.2 months, 59% male PAG: 19.3 ± 8.7 months, 57% males Control: 18.9 ± 8.7 months, 68% males	Caregivers of children with CP Maternal age: 30.9 ± 0.2 years Paternal age 34.4 ± 6.6 years	Intervention 1: Family support worker group (FSWG): Standard physiotherapy + Family support worker to discuss family needs and provide support	Intervention 2: Physiotherapy assistant group (PAG): Extra Physiotherapy along with standard physiotherapy to increase dose of intervention	Standard Physiotherapy (mainly NDT)
Mlinda et al., 2018 26 Tanzania	N= 118 Intervention: 69 Control: 49	Children < 5 years with moderate-to-severe CP Intervention: 28.5 (12.3) months, 46.0% males Control: 28.9 (13.0) months, 48.9% males	Caregivers of children with CP Intervention: 30.3 ± 5.2 years Control: 31.5 ± 5.34 years	Nutrition education and training on feeding and positioning skills		Usual Care
Whittingham et al., 2014 32 Secondary study: Whittingham et al., 2016 39 Australia	N= 67 Intervention 1: 22 Intervention 2: 23 Control: 22	Children with CP, 2– 12 years of age, GMFCS level I-V SSTP: 5.45 ± 3.16 years, 59.1 % boys SSTP + ACT: 5.52 ± 3.17 years, 73.9 % boys Waitlist: 4.96 ± 2.95 years, 59.1% boys	Parents of children with CP who self-identified the need for a parenting intervention SSTP: 38.67 (5.55) years SSTP + ACT: 37.88 (9.39) years Waitlist: 39.65 (6.09) years	Intervention 1: Stepping Stones Triple P (SSTP) Parenting Interventions for targeting behavioural and emotional problems in childhood	Intervention 2: Stepping Stones Triple P and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (SSTP + ACT) ACT: Cognitive behavioural therapy for improving psychological flexibility to handle behavioural problems	Waitlist After postintervention assessment, SSTP was offered.
Whittingham et al., 2022 29 Australia	N= 67 Intervention: 37 Control: 30	Child with CP, between 2-10 years Intervention: 5 years 8 months ± 2.36, 59% males Waitlist: 5 years 6 months ± 2.60, 87% males	Parents of children with CP Age not reported	Immediate Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (PACT) intervention via an online course to improve psychological flexibility to parent this population		Waitlist control
Hielkema et al., 2020 35 Secondary study: Hielkema et al., 2020 37 Netherlands	N=43 Intervention: 23 Control: 20	Infants at very high-risk of CP before 9 months CA Intervention: 1.4 (0.7–2.8) months, 65% males Control: 2.5 (1.8–4.7) months, 55% males	Parents of infants at high risk of CP Intervention: 29 (27–35) years Control: 31 (29–35) years	Coping with and caring for infants with special needs (COPCA) intervention involving parent coaching and adaptive infant motor training		Typical infant physiotherapy (TIP) NDT with a functional approach
Saquetto et al., 2018 28 Brazil	N=60 Intervention: 29 Control: 31	Children with CP between 1–12 years of age. Intervention: 4.66 ± 2.78 years, 41.4% boys Control: 4.52 ± 2.71, 71% boys	Full-time caregiver of child with CP Intervention: 33.38 ± 9.6 years Control: 34.42±10.92 years	Educational programme for primary caregivers to create opportunities for their infants to practice motor control via everyday activities along with conventional rehabilitation		Conventional rehabilitation
Myrhaug et al., 2018 31 Secondary study: Myrhaug et al., 2019 38 Norway	N= 21 Intervention: 11 Control: 10	Children with CP between 3–6 years. All types and functional levels of CP who are eligible for CE courses Intervention: 4 (3–4.5) years, 45% male Control: 4 (3–4) years, 70% males	Parents of children with CP Age not reported	Conductive education (CE) followed by conventional practice		Waiting list: Conventional practice (Functional training)
Kahjoogh et al., 2019 6 Iran	N=30 Intervention: 15 Control: 15	Children with CP, aged 5–11 years with learning capacity GMFCS level I-V Intervention: 6.64 ± 0.97, 46.7% boys Control: Age 7.56 ± 1.59, 66.7% boys	Mothers between 25 and 50 years Intervention: 34.69 ± 4.29 years Control: 38.22 ± 5.98 years	Occupational Performance Coaching (OPC) providing emotional support, information and a structured problem solving process that helped achieve goals along with standard occupational therapy services		Standard occupational therapy services (mainly NDT)
Morgan et al., 2016 34 Australia	N=30 Intervention: 15 Control: 15	Infants aged between 3 and 6 months CA with a diagnosis of CP or at high-risk of CP Intervention: 15.73 ± 4.76 weeks, 53% boys Control: 20.07 ± 5.08 weeks, 60% boys	Mothers of children with CP Intervention: 33.73 (4.73) years Control: 31.07 ± 7.11 years	Goals, Activity and Motor Enrichment (GAME) intervention involving task practice using motor learning strategies delivered along with parent education and involvement.		Standard care
Law et al., 2011 30 Canada	N=91 Intervention: 67 Control: 79	Children between 12 months and 5 years 11 months of age, diagnosed with CP, and all GMFCS levels. Intervention: 3.92 ± 1.42 years, 51% males Control: 3.53 ± 1.43 years, 70% males	Parents of children with CP Age not reported	Context-Focused Approach that involved parents to change constraints in task or environment that hinder child’s performance		Child-Focused Approach: contemporary interventions such as ROM, weight-bearing, etc
Fonvig et al., 2020 27 Secondary study: Rasmussen et al., 2019 36 Denmark	N=60 Intervention: 30 Control: 30	Children with spastic CP, between 5-8 years, GMFCS level I-II Median age: 6 years and 10 months Intervention: Median 6y 6m (2y 8m), 70% boys Control: Median 6y 11m (1y 10 m), 60% boys	Parents of children with CP Age not reported	Individually tailored interdisciplinary intervention based on recommendations from clinical examination as well as an IGA report. Family involvement in planning treatment.		Standard care: Individually tailored interdisciplinary intervention based on clinical examinations without an IGA report.

Note. ACT: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; CA: Corrected age; CE: Conductive education; COPCA: Coping with and Caring for infants with special needs; CP: Cerebral Palsy; FSWG: Family support worker; GAME: Goals, Activity and Motor Enrichment; GMFCS: Gross Motor Function Classification System; IQR: Inter-quartile range; NDT: neurodevelopmental therapy; OPC: Occupational Performance Coaching; PACT: Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; PAG: physiotherapy assistant group; SSTP: Stepping Stones Triple P; TIP: Typical infant physiotherapy;