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. 2024 Jun 22;7(1):145. doi: 10.1038/s41612-024-00671-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Time-height plots of radar reflectivity Ze_w from December 17 (22:00 UTC) to December 19 (12:00 UTC), 2021, displaying (a) measurements by the WProf radar deployed at VL, and simulations coupling the CR-SIM radar simulator with the (b) CONTROL, (c) DEMOTT, and (d) ALLSIP simulations. Turquoise boxes indicate the three distinct cloud periods used to extract statistics. Grey contours in all panels represent temperature isotherms (in °C) from the CONTROL simulation in a and b, and the DEMOTT and ALLSIP simulations in c and d, respectively.