Table 2.
Chemokine | Receptor | Biological effects in psoriasis | Level in psoriasis | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2/MCP-1 | CCR2, CCR4 | - DCs and Langerhans cells chemotaxis to the skin | ↑ CCR2 in lesional skin | [27, 126, 127] |
- CCR4 is a skin-homing receptor | ↑ CCR4 in T cells in peripheral blood and psoriatic skin lesions | |||
↑ CCL2 in lesional skin and serum | ||||
↑ CCL2 in KCs by TNF-α and IFN-γ | ||||
CCL3/MIP-1α | CCR1, CCR5 | - TH1 cells, DCs, and monocytes chemotaxis to the skin | ↑ CCL3 in lesional skin | [27, 128] |
- CCR5 regulates lymphocyte detention in the dermis | ↑ CCR5 in lesional skin | |||
↑ CCR5+ T cells and macrophages in the dermis of lesional skin | ||||
CCL4/MIP-1β | CCR1, CCR5 | - TH1 cells, DCs, and monocytes chemotaxis to the skin | ↑ CCL4 in lesional skin | [27, 128, 129] |
CCL5/RANTES | CCR1, CCR3, CCR5 | - TH1 cells and monocytes chemotaxis to the skin | ↑ CCL5 in lesional skin | [27, 47, 128, 130] |
↑ CCL5 in the KCs in lesional skin | ||||
↑CCL5 by IFN-α | ||||
CCL19/MIP-3 β | CCR7 | - T cells and DCs chemotaxis to the lymph nodes, regulation of dermal lymphoid-like tissue | ↑ CCL19 in lesional skin | [131] |
↑ CCR7 in lesional skin | ||||
CCL20/MIP-3α | CCR6 | - TH17 cells, γδ T cells, DCs, and LCs chemotaxis to the skin | ↑ CCL20 in lesional skin | [127, 132–134] |
↑ CCL20 in KCs by IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-22 | ||||
↑ CCL20 in KCs, melanocytes, and dermal endothelial cells by TNF-α and IL-1β | ||||
↑ CCR6+ T cells in lesional skin | ||||
↑ CCR6 by TH17 cytokines | ||||
CCL21/SLC | CCR7 | - T cells and DCs chemotaxis to the lymph nodes | ↓ CCL21+ vessels in psoriatic skin | [135] |
CCL18/PARC | CCR8 |
- CD4+ and CD8+ T cells chemotaxis |
↑ CCL18 in lesional skin | [136] |
CCL27/CTACK | CCR10 | - CLA+ T cells chemotaxis | ↓ CCL27 in lesional skin | [129, 137, 138] |
↑ CCL27 in serum of psoriasis patients | ||||
↑ CCR10 in T cells in psoriatic lesions | ||||
↑ CCL27 in KCs by TNF-α and IL-1β | ||||
CXCL1/GRO-α | CXCR2 | - Neutrophils chemotaxis to the skin | ↑ CXCR2 in psoriatic KCs | [139] |
CXCL5/ENA78 | CXCR2 | - Neutrophils chemotaxis to the skin | ↑CXCL5 in the serum of psoriasis patients | [139, 140] |
↑ CXCR2 in psoriatic KCs | ||||
CXCL9/MIG | CXCR3 | - T cells chemotaxis | ↑ CXCL9 in lesional skin | [95, 125, 141] |
↑ CXCR3 in lesional skin | ||||
↑ CXCR3 in epidermal T cells, macrophages, and pDCs in lesional skin | ||||
CXCL10/IP-10 | CXCR3 | - T cells chemotaxis | ↑ CXCL10 in lesional skin, especially in KCs | [27, 47, 95, 125] |
CXCL11/I-TAC | CXCR3 | - T cells chemotaxis | ↑ CXCL11 in lesional skin | [125, 130] |
↑ CXCL11 by IFN-α | ||||
CXCL12/SDF-1 | CXCR4, CXCR7 | - Neutrophils, monocytes, T cells, and DCs chemotaxis | ↑ SDF-1 in lesional skin | [142] |
↑ CXCR4 in lesional skin | ||||
CX3CL1 | CX3CR1 | - Migration and adhesion of leukocytes | ↑ CX3CL1 in endothelial cells and KCs in lesional skin | [143] |
↑ CX3CL1 by TNF-α and IFN-γ | ||||
↑ CX3CR1 in T cells in lesional skin |