Table 3.
Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression of MetS with lifestyle, behavioral and clinical factors among pregnant women at the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia, 2022 (n = 318).
| Variables | Categories | MetS (N = 318) | COR 95% CI | AOR 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) | No n (%) | |||||
| Smoking | Non-smokers | 39 (12.26) | 274 (86.16) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Past smokers | 3 (0.94) | 5 (1.57) | 4.169 (0.958, 18.136) | 2.799 (0.276, 28.412) | 0.384 | |
| Alcohol intake before, and during pregnancy | No | 7 (2.2) | 119 (37.41) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 35 (11.00) | 157 (49.37) | 3.8 (1.6, 8.8) | 4.2 (1.6, 10.9) | 0.003* | |
| Type of oil /fat used mostly at home | Nut oil | 3 (0.94) | 10 (3.14) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Butter | 6 (1.88) | 9 (2.83) | 2.222 (0.426, 11.603) | 1.113 (0.119, 10.418) | 0.925 | |
| Vegetable oil | 21 (6.6) | 121 (38.05) | 0.579 (0.147, 2.279) | 0.684 (0.103,4.568) | 0.695 | |
| Sunflower | 11 (3.46) | 128 (40.25) | 0.286 (0.069, 1.197) | 0.487 (0.069, 3.412) | 0.469 | |
| Other | 1 (0.31) | 8 (2.51) | 0.417 (0.036, 4.813) | 0.264 (0.014, 5.004) | 0.375 | |
| Daily salt intake | Standard-users | 18 (5.69) | 207 (65.51) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Above-standard | 24 (7.59) | 67 (21.20) | 4.0 (2.05, 7.81) | 4.2 (1.8, 9.5) | 0.001** | |
| Eating foods not cooked at home | Non-users | 31 (9.75) | 248 (77.99) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Users | 11 (3.45) | 28 (8.81) | 3.143 (1.425, 6.933) | 2.246 (0.765, 6.598) | 0.141 | |
| Physical activity level | Moderate | 2 (0.60) | 9 (2.82) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Inactive | 19 (5.97) | 86 (27.04) | 0.994 (0.199, 4.977) | 2.11 (0.302, 14.740) | 0.451 | |
| Light | 21 (6.60) | 181 (56.92) | 0.522 (0.106, 2.579) | 1.73 (0.251, 11.975) | 0.577 | |
| Sleep duration status | Normal | 12 (3.77) | 203 (63.84) | 1 | ||
| Abnormal | 30 (9.43) | 73 (22.96) | 6.95 (3.4, 14.3) | 5.6 (2.4, 13.1) | < 0.001** | |
| Gravidity | Primigravida | 10 (3.15) | 144 (45.28) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Multigravida | 32 (10.06) | 132 (41.51) | 3.491 (1.652, 7.378) | 1.630 (0.392, 6.781) | 0.502 | |
| Parity types | Null/primiparous | 12 (3.77) | 157 (49.37) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Multiparous | 30 (9.43) | 119 (37.42) | 3.298(1.621, 6.713) | 2.139 (0.535, 8.547) | 0.282 | |
| Family history of HTN and DM | No | 36 (11.32) | 264 (83.01) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 6 (1.88) | 12 (3.77) | 3.667 (1.296, 10.374) | 1.699 (0.428, 6.741) | 0.451 | |
| Obstruction during sleep | No | 39 (12.26) | 268 (84.27) | 1 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 3 (0.94) | 8 (2.52) | 2.577 (0.656, 10.129) | 2.868 (0.362, 22.698) | 0.318 | |
AOR adjusted odd ratio, COR crude odd ratio, CI confidence interval, DM diabetes mellitus, HTN hypertension, MetS metabolic syndrome, UOGCSH University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital.
N.B: * significant at p ≤ 0.05 level, ** highly significant at p < 0.05 level, 1 = the reference group. Other type of oil (soya bean oil, nugget oil, olive oil etc).