| • Age >40 years | • Bile salt loss (ileal disease or resection) |
| • Female sex (twice risk in men) | • Diabetes mellitus |
| • Genetic or ethnic variation | • Cystic fibrosis |
| • High fat, low fibre diet | • Antihyperlipidaemic drugs (clofibrate) |
| • Obesity | • Gallbladder dysmotility |
| • Pregnancy (risk increases with number of pregnancies) | • Prolonged fasting |
| • Hyperlipidaemia | • Total parenteral nutrition |
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