Table 3.
The bivariate survey logistic regression of the response variable (blindness) and each explanatory variable by year.
| Variable | 2018 (n = 1,837,021) | 2019 (n = 1,493,232) | 2020 (n = 1,701,068) | 2021 (n = 1,238,576) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total people from the survey | # of those who answered yes to blind variable | Proportion of blind people (%) | Total people from the survey | # of those who answered yes to blind variable | Proportion of blind people (%) | Total people from the survey | # of those who answered yes to blind variable | Proportion of blind people (%) | Total people from the survey | # of those who answered yes to blind variable | Proportion of blind people (%) | ||
| Region | Northeast | 5,020,880 | 205,247 | 4.09 | 3,66,2703 | 151,542 | 4.14 | 5,390,689 | 200,357 | 3.72 | 3,628,617 | 162,550 | 4.48 |
| Midwest | 8,180,076 | 358,940 | 4.39 | 6,54,8514 | 260,361 | 3.98 | 7,160,230 | 283,926 | 3.97 | 5,133,029 | 192,884 | 3.76 | |
| South | 12,681,643 | 736,326 | 5.81 | 10,204,953 | 612,774 | 6.01 | 11,643,231 | 642,359 | 5.52 | 7,327,319 | 415,130 | 5.67 | |
| West | 8,271,581 | 361,638 | 4.37 | 7,066,440 | 312,940 | 4.43 | 10,487,563 | 383,641 | 3.66 | 7,347,019 | 319,179 | 4.34 | |
| Guam, Puerto Rico | 932,151 | 174,871 | 18.76 | 874,602 | 155,815 | 17.82 | 982,698 | 190,784 | 19.41 | 904,930 | 148,833 | 16.45 | |
| Sex | Male | 16,688,903 | 774,348 | 4.64 | 13,485,224 | 617,137 | 4.58 | 17,043,091 | 725,643 | 4.26 | 11,707,118 | 525,104 | 4.49 |
| Female | 18,322,938 | 1,056,216 | 5.76 | 14,871,987 | 876,095 | 5.89 | 18,621,321 | 975,424 | 5.24 | 12,633,795 | 713,471 | 5.65 | |
| General Health | Excellent, very good | 17,440,893 | 370,813 | 2.13 | 13,887,471 | 318,017 | 2.29 | 20,115,955 | 444,342 | 2.21 | 12,684,965 | 299201 | 2.36 |
| Good | 11,057,040 | 519,708 | 4.7 | 9,000,998 | 408,404 | 4.54 | 10,329,572 | 530,075 | 5.13 | 7,614,492 | 370,348 | 4.86 | |
| Fair, poor | 6,505,269 | 936,912 | 14.4 | 5,403,937 | 759,253 | 14.05 | 5,146,077 | 7,18,830 | 13.97 | 3,985,216 | 563,261 | 14.13 | |
| Personal Doctor | Yes, I have 1+doctors providing health care | 27,846,983 | 1,489,260 | 5.35 | 22,525,029 | 1,203,107 | 5.34 | 28,192,581 | 1,386,580 | 4.92 | 20,605,467 | 1,064,774 | 5.17 |
| No | 7,024,489 | 335,665 | 4.78 | 5,697,952 | 2,79,015 | 4.9 | 7,285,537 | 3,04,073 | 4.17 | 3,526,172 | 161,823 | 4.59 | |
| Medical cost | Yes, I have not seen a doctor due to cost | 4,183,786 | 456,735 | 10.92 | 3,494,096 | 3,84,976 | 11.02 | 3,428,567 | 3,25,276 | 9.49 | 2,143,989 | 2,35,897 | 11 |
| No | 30,747,952 | 1,369,047 | 4.45 | 24,787,186 | 1,099,010 | 4.43 | 32,149,947 | 1,365,252 | 4.25 | 22,126,009 | 997,532 | 4.51 | |
| Checkups | I had a checkup within the past 2 years | 30,784,216 | 1,628,862 | 5.29 | 24,963,834 | 1,318,747 | 5.28 | 31,410,602 | 1,506,219 | 4.8 | 21,293,014 | 1,101,697 | 5.17 |
| Has been more than 5+years or never had one | 3,649,613 | 1,68,275 | 4.61 | 2,905,854 | 146,302 | 5.03 | 3,649,868 | 158,399 | 4.34 | 2,593,966 | 110,287 | 4.25 | |
| Hypertension Medication | Yes, I take high blood pressure medication | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8,15,8078 | 654,071 | 8.02 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6,978,901 | 5,72,720 | 8.21 |
| No | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,093,590 | 139,573 | 6.67 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,688,434 | 103,697 | 6.14 | |
| Diabetes | Yes, I have been told I have diabetes | 4,705,499 | 5,00,496 | 10.64 | 3,783,200 | 4,06,507 | 10.75 | 4,478,324 | 459,463 | 10.26 | 3,216,587 | 351,384 | 10.92 |
| No, I have never been told | 30,316,423 | 1,328,665 | 4.38 | 24,517,615 | 1,080,080 | 4.41 | 31,113,520 | 1,234,702 | 3.97 | 21,072,074 | 881,129 | 4.18 | |
| Education | Less than high school | 1,119,418 | 157,215 | 14.04 | 1,011,138 | 149,352 | 14.77 | 1,053,100 | 147,636 | 14.02 | 844,407 | 123,183 | 14.59 |
| Graduated high school | 10,457,595 | 814,219 | 7.79 | 8,276,293 | 621,869 | 7.51 | 9,957,358 | 702,851 | 7.06 | 6,628,012 | 486,261 | 7.34 | |
| Attended college | 9,455,757 | 495,974 | 5.25 | 7,599,214 | 4,08,666 | 5.38 | 9,382,514 | 480,327 | 5.12 | 6,213,126 | 348,596 | 5.61 | |
| Graduated college | 13,918,884 | 362,718 | 2.61 | 11,342,942 | 3,071,79 | 2.71 | 15,090,952 | 362,504 | 2.4 | 10,518,491 | 274,667 | 2.61 | |
| Employment status | Employed | 19,343,930 | 526,058 | 2.72 | 15,312,412 | 455,058 | 2.97 | 19,309,900 | 518,455 | 2.68 | 13,291,520 | 361,075 | 2.72 |
| Unemployed | 1,522,535 | 12,6048 | 8.28 | 1,269,260 | 101,758 | 8.02 | 2,516,488 | 152,839 | 6.07 | 1,463,896 | 109,467 | 7.48 | |
| Homemaker | 1,901,781 | 129,196 | 6.79 | 1,521,438 | 110,268 | 7.25 | 1,668,754 | 102,610 | 6.15 | 1,165,173 | 87,788 | 7.53 | |
| Student | 1,296,619 | 33,454 | 2.58 | 1,046,187 | 29,516 | 2.82 | 1,285,713 | 38,228 | 2.97 | 8,08,341 | 22,423 | 2.77 | |
| Retired | 8,152,453 | 509,399 | 6.25 | 6,802,932 | 418,411 | 6.15 | 8,107,913 | 516,609 | 6.37 | 5,770,455 | 374,880 | 6.5 | |
| Unable to work | 2,433,459 | 499,197 | 20.51 | 1,914,816 | 363,053 | 18.96 | 2,091,086 | 357,561 | 17.1 | 1,393,952 | 270,484 | 19.4 | |
| Income status | Less than USD 35,000 | 10,136,312 | 1,020,618 | 10.07 | 8,016,867 | 812,126 | 10.13 | 9,171,928 | 865,259 | 9.43 | 5,882,478 | 620,092 | 10.54 |
| Between USD 35,000 and 74,999 | 8,278,722 | 2,93,927 | 3.55 | 6,440,716 | 239,456 | 3.72 | 7,974,662 | 278,323 | 3.49 | 5,454,622 | 222,072 | 4.07 | |
| Greater than USD 75,000 | 10,775,406 | 1,79,954 | 1.67 | 8,746,480 | 153,433 | 1.75 | 11,715,830 | 190,220 | 1.62 | 8,005,611 | 139,523 | 1.74 | |
| Primary source of health insurance | Through employer | 1,141,875 | 27,203 | 2.38 | 3,182,005 | 60,162 | 1.89 | 3,285,970 | 62,764 | 1.91 | 9,866,517 | 205,076 | 2.08 |
| Personal plan | 266,208 | 13,087 | 4.92 | 7,16,526 | 28,398 | 3.96 | 641,013 | 16,484 | 2.57 | 2152566 | 84212 | 3.91 | |
| State programs (Medicare and Medicaid.) | 9,20,660 | 93,326 | 10.14 | 2,899,253 | 230,353 | 7.95 | 2,510,187 | 185,905 | 7.41 | 8,386,268 | 710713 | 8.47 | |
| Military (TRICARE, Veterans Affairs, etc.) | 110,076 | 5,488 | 4.99 | 217,368 | 10,591 | 4.87 | 220,172 | 13,498 | 6.13 | 779,777 | 45,358 | 5.82 | |
| Other sources | 80,337 | 8,205 | 10.21 | 239,336 | 14,074 | 5.88 | 180,342 | 11,229 | 6.23 | 673,114 | 42,174 | 6.27 | |
| None | 9,070 | 1,308 | 14.42 | 313,127 | 18,971 | 6.06 | 17,663 | 402.05 | 2.28 | 1,615,760 | 104,683 | 6.48 | |
| Race/ Ethnicity | White, non-Hispanic | 23,735,633 | 9,79,986 | 4.13 | 19,072,793 | 7,75,201 | 4.06 | 23,519,706 | 863,478 | 3.67 | 15,670,625 | 620,051 | 3.96 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 3,363,827 | 2,33,987 | 6.96 | 2,582,056 | 1,91,609 | 7.42 | 3,225,033 | 205,162 | 6.36 | 2,213,461 | 144,538 | 6.53 | |
| Hispanic | 5,269,328 | 4,67,032 | 8.86 | 4,613,885 | 4,16,080 | 9.02 | 5,819,462 | 497,451 | 8.55 | 4,301,606 | 375738 | 8.73 | |
| Other | 2,717,543 | 156,017 | 5.74 | 2,088,476 | 110,343 | 5.28 | 3,100,211 | 134,977 | 4.35 | 2,155,222 | 98248 | 4.56 | |
| Age | 40–44 years old | 2,424,126 | 86,463 | 3.57 | 1,910,183 | 65,394 | 3.42 | 2,574,128 | 83,031 | 3.23 | 1,860,148 | 68308 | 3.67 |
| 45–49 years old | 2,627,926 | 134,505 | 5.12 | 2,001,118 | 109,376 | 5.47 | 2,596,337 | 123,268 | 4.75 | 1,730,210 | 8,6292 | 4.99 | |
| 50–54 years old | 3,007,716 | 2,01,948 | 6.71 | 2,353,621 | 144,881 | 6.16 | 2,986,363 | 174,494 | 5.84 | 2,057,093 | 119,646 | 5.82 | |
| 55–59 years old | 3,328,569 | 2,28,505 | 6.86 | 2,671,280 | 1,85,775 | 6.95 | 3,199,981 | 181,124 | 5.66 | 2,151,936 | 135,743 | 6.31 | |
| 60–64 years old | 3,464,441 | 223,269 | 6.44 | 2,812,436 | 174,490 | 6.2 | 3,391,643 | 196,528 | 5.79 | 2,312,949 | 148,958 | 6.44 | |
| 65–69 years old | 3,231,215 | 196,726 | 6.09 | 2,657,507 | 154,210 | 5.8 | 3,115,639 | 163,771 | 5.26 | 2,220,841 | 139,522 | 6.28 | |
| 70–74 years old | 2,659,004 | 1,64,890 | 6.2 | 2,290,467 | 133,231 | 5.82 | 2,686,768 | 162,475 | 6.05 | 1,945,745 | 113,403 | 5.83 | |
| 75–79 years old | 1,715,634 | 121,241 | 7.07 | 1,497,458 | 106,571 | 7.12 | 1,783,988 | 113,081 | 6.34 | 1,255,081 | 84,878 | 6.76 | |
| 80+ years old | 1,796,204 | 165,189 | 9.2 | 1,542,881 | 145,716 | 9.44 | 1,797,977 | 182,235 | 10.14 | 1,293,010 | 138,708 | 10.73 | |
| 18–39 years old | 10,198,099 | 2,92,749 | 2.87 | 8,164,636 | 259,544 | 3.18 | 1,079,5602 | 300,381 | 2.78 | 7,010,107 | 189,487 | 2.7 | |
| BMI | Underweight | 516,140 | 41,081 | 7.96 | 441,618 | 34,674 | 7.85 | 543,820 | 38,119 | 7.01 | 357,223 | 23,986 | 6.71 |
| Normal weight | 10,074,172 | 4,78,934 | 4.75 | 7,919,495 | 375,465 | 4.74 | 9,996,356 | 419,133 | 4.19 | 6,572,615 | 296,284 | 4.51 | |
| Overweight/obese | 21,575,912 | 1,198,227 | 5.55 | 17,453,601 | 989,140 | 5.67 | 21,339,730 | 1,122,217 | 5.26 | 14,830,673 | 825,193 | 5.56 | |
| Language | English | 32,562,297 | 1,520,078 | 4.67 | 25,928,166 | 1,198,654 | 4.62 | 33,065,885 | 1,367,991 | 4.14 | 22,130,234 | 967,473 | 4.37 |
| Spanish | 2,517,165 | 316,701 | 12.58 | 2,256,398 | 283,668 | 12.57 | 2,598,510 | 333,077 | 12.82 | 2,210,679 | 271,103 | 12.26 | |
| Urban/ Rural Class | Urban | 31,641,154 | 1,502,207 | 4.75 | 25,404,464 | 1,212,152 | 4.77 | 32,449,140 | 1,378,723 | 4.25 | 21,881,326 | 995,761 | 4.55 |
| Rural | 2,513,026 | 159,943 | 6.36 | 2,078,146 | 125,465 | 6.04 | 2,232,573 | 131,561 | 5.89 | 1,554,658 | 93,982 | 6.05 | |
This includes the total number of people in the survey who answered the survey question, followed by the number of people who answered “yes” to the blind variable (“are you blind or do you have serious difficulty seeing, even when wearing glasses?”). The final column is the proportion, in percentage, of those who responded yes from the total number of people who answered that survey question.