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TLR signaling pathway TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR6 are expressed on the cell surface. TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are expressed in the endosome. Following ligand engagement, TLRs are dimerized, and interact either with MyD88 or TRIF. MyD88 signaling pathways involve NFκB and AP-1, both of which induces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Via TRIF, IRF3 and NFκB induces interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively.
