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. 2024;12(6):380–399. doi: 10.22038/ABJS.2023.73944.3424

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Pathophysiology of primary and secondary injury during spinal cord injury. Primary and secondary injury mechanisms lead to inflammation, hemorrhage, demyelination, axon disruption, apoptosis, and necrosis. CSPGs (chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycans)