. 2024 Jun 20;17:4001–4016. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S474879

Table 1.

Expression of IL-36, IL-37 and IL-38 in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Disease	Cytokine	Origin	Expression Profile	Reference
OA	IL-36α, IL-36R	Articular cartilage	Increased^a,b	[59]
	IL-36Ra	Articular cartilage	Reduced^a,b	[59]
	IL-37	Chondrocytes, hip joints cartilage	Increased^a	[62]
		PBMCs, serum, synovial fluid, synovial cells	Increased^a	[63]
	IL-38	Serum	Reduced^a	[64]
		Serum, synovial fluid	Increased^a,b	[61,65,66]
RA	IL-36α, IL-36γ	Plasma, serum	Increased^a	[67,68]
	IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-36Ra	Synovium	Increased^a,b	[69,70]
	IL-37	Serum	Increased^a	[71–77]
		Plasma	Increased^a	[78–80]
		Synovial fluid	Increased^a	[73]
		PBMCs	Increased^a	[74]
		Synovial cells	Increased^a	[79]
		CD4⁺ T	Increased^a	[81]
	IL-38	Serum	Increased^a	[82,83]
		Plasma, PBMCs	Increased^a	[83]
		Synovium	Increased^a,b	[84]

Notes: ^aHuman. ^bAnimal model.

Abbreviations: OA, osteoarthritis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells.