Table 1. i-LDSC heritability estimates and p-values highlighting statistically significant contributions of tagged pairwise genetic interaction effects for 25 traits in the UK Biobank and BioBank Japan.

Here, LDSC heritability estimates are included as a baseline. The difference between the approaches is that the i-LDSC heritability estimates include proportions of phenotypic variation that are explained by tagged non-additive variation (see columns with estimates of $\vartheta$). Note that all 25 traits analyzed in the UK Biobank and 23 of the 25 traits analyzed in BioBank Japan have a statistically significant amount of tagged non-additive genetic effects as detected by the cis-interaction LD score (p < 0.05). The two traits without significant tagged non-additive genetic effects in BioBank Japan were HDL (p = 0.081) and Triglyceride (p = 0.110). These traits are indicated by *. The i-LDSC p-values are related to the estimates of the $\vartheta$ coefficients which are also displayed in Figure 4.

Trait	UKB (LDSC)	UKB (i-LDSC)	UKB $\widehat{\vartheta }$	UKB p-value	BBJ (LDSC)	BBJ (i-LDSC)	BBJ $\widehat{\vartheta }$	BBJ p-value
Basophil	0.0250	0.0315	0.0065	1.572× 10−12	0.0684	0.1548	0.0864	0.025
BMI	0.1757	0.2349	0.0592	3.083× 10−84	0.1667	0.2656	0.0989	2.438× 10−18
Cholesterol	0.0954	0.0974	0.0020	1.821× 10−16	0.0629	0.1268	0.0639	2.740× 10−4
CRP	0.0354	0.0414	0.0060	9.845× 10−12	0.0202	0.1625	0.1423	0.020
DBP	0.0940	0.1203	0.0263	1.118× 10−65	0.0605	0.1267	0.0662	1.675× 10−7
EGFR	0.1521	0.1999	0.0478	1.187× 10−46	0.1010	0.1225	0.0215	4.232× 10−5
Eosinophil	0.1055	0.1375	0.0320	1.230× 10−18	0.0785	0.1973	0.1188	0.001
HBA1C	0.0906	0.1083	0.0177	1.578× 10−26	0.1057	0.1308	0.0251	0.031
HDL*	0.1599	0.1768	0.0169	9.636× 10−37	0.1590	0.1838	0.0248	0.081
Height	0.3675	0.4815	0.1140	1.038× 10−64	0.3941	0.7336	0.3395	7.433× 10−33
Hematocrit	0.1078	0.1352	0.0274	2.479× 10−25	0.0752	0.0928	0.0176	3.689× 10−5
Hemoglobin	0.1177	0.1433	0.0256	4.284× 10−27	0.0702	0.0752	0.0050	9.037× 10−4
LDL	0.0802	0.0859	0.0057	5.087× 10−13	0.0745	0.1438	0.0693	0.018
Lymphocyte	0.0402	0.0501	0.0099	4.906× 10−19	0.0844	0.1757	0.0913	5.479× 10−5
MCH	0.1361	0.1597	0.0236	1.785× 10−25	0.1536	0.2831	0.1295	1.042× 10−5
MCHC	0.0317	0.0364	0.0047	3.730× 10−12	0.0571	0.0650	0.0079	0.027
MCV	0.1630	0.1902	0.0272	1.180× 10−29	0.1530	0.2818	0.1288	1.042× 10−5
Monocyte	0.0788	0.0955	0.0167	5.257× 10−18	0.0888	0.1549	0.0661	0.004
Neutrophil	0.1102	0.1391	0.0289	1.777× 10−33	0.1191	0.2114	0.0923	5.050× 10−5
Platelet	0.1992	0.2447	0.0455	2.303× 10−37	0.1565	0.2436	0.0871	7.724× 10−9
RBC	0.1574	0.1933	0.0359	3.292× 10−31	0.1203	0.2068	0.0865	5.972× 10−8
SBP	0.0954	0.1201	0.0247	8.660× 10−75	0.0769	0.1604	0.0835	9.075× 10−10
Triglycerides*	0.1061	0.1204	0.0143	1.410× 10−26	0.1171	0.2670	0.1499	0.110
Urate	0.1217	0.1550	0.0333	9.642× 10−38	0.1395	0.3462	0.2067	0.015
WBC	0.0962	0.1250	0.0288	9.866× 10−34	0.1024	0.2266	0.1242	1.346× 10−8