Table 1.

Osteoporosis e-learning courses in the eligible studies and websites

NO	Provider center /Name	Course objectives	Target group	Course duration	Course outline/ Course syllabus/ Module syllabus	Educational strategies	Course assessment & evaluation
1	University of Georgia/ IBOP1 [31]	To determine the difference in the attitude of pharmacy students and pharmacists towards online and "live" lectures and the level of comfort of each	Pharmacists and pharmacy students	second-year course	-Pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis -Risk factors of postmenopausal osteoporosis -Complications of postmenopausal osteoporosis -Preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis	On-line lecture	Quiz with 10 multiple choice questions and grade of at least 70 percent
2	Boston/ randomized control trial [32]	Investigate whether an online bone health curriculum improves physicians' knowledge on the Quality of Resident-Delivered Care	-Internal medicine -Residents -Physicians	3- to 6-month	-Bone health care -Osteoporosis care -Fracture prevention	Online formative self-assessment and learning	Continuous self-assessment of residents’ knowledge, 10 months after the educational intervention patient outcome
3	Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes [11]	Improving participants' knowledge in the management of skeletal diseases	healthcare professionals	3- to 6-month	-Radiation therapy and anabolic therapy -Bone density and utilization of bone health resources -Treatment of osteoporosis -Osteoporosis management	weekly interactive videoconferencing technology, collaborative learning and share information, provide support and guidance	NA
4	National Osteoporosis Society /Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis [29]	Better bone health of everybody	GPs	30 min	-Identify groups at risk for osteoporosis -Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis -Prevention of fractures due to fragility -Application of NICE, SIGN and NOGG instructions -FRAX and QFracture risk assessment methods -Using different scenarios -Monitoring the risk of fragility fractures	Case based approach	Online assessment
5	Health Education England programme in partnership with the NHS and Professional Bodies/Image Interpretation- Osteoporosis and Fragility Fracture [33]	Image Interpretation	Radiographers	NA	- Definition of osteoporosis -Description of normal and hollow bone anatomy -Diagnosis of osteoporosis -Common causes of osteoporosis -Demographics relating to osteoporosis -Fragility fractures and common mechanisms of injury -Osteoporotic vertebral fractures -Best practice for identification vertebral fractures -Detection of vertebral fractures by imaging	NA	Self-evaluation exercise Images interpretation
6	National Osteoporosis Society, accredited by the Royal College of Nursing For four CPD points by the Royal College of Physicians in the UK / Fracture Prevention Practitioner Training [34]	-Caring for people with osteoporosis or at risk for osteoporosis -Identify patients with fragility fractures -Fracture fragility and its management based on the best method	- Fracture Liaison nurses -Specialist nurses -Allied health professionals -Clinicians -Healthcare professionals	NA	-Definition, incidence, epidemiology and risk factors for osteoporosis -Fracture assessment tools, nutritional assessment, DXA scan -Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis -Managing the complex cases of osteoporosis	NA	Online assessment
7	EACCME2 /Excellence in osteoporosis optimizing patient outcomes [35]	NA	medical specialist/Physicians	NA	-Why do bones fracture? -Diagnosis and assessing fracture risk -Treatment -Use of bisphosphonates and SERMs -Considerations in the clinic	NA	NA
8	Bone Research society and Federation of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom /Online BRS3 Clinical Training Course: Osteoporosis and Other Metabolic Bone Diseases 2021 [36]	Management of osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases	Rheumatology Endocrinology Care of the elderly, Gastroenterology, Orthopedics Respiratory medicine, Clinical chemistry, Nurses and other allied health professionals	3 weeks	-Management and treatment of osteoporosis focusing on practical tips	Combining lectures -Panel discussions –Debates -Workshops -Interactive sessions	NA
9	NA/Osteoporosis: Therapeutic Management of Bone Health [37]	- osteoporosis and management of bone health - bone anatomy and physiology—classifications, causes, and effects of low bone density - medical management and medications - therapist’s role in managing osteoporosis and related conditions	Physicians	7 h	-Human bone physiology and bone changes in old age -Classification of osteopenia and osteoporosis and its demographic information in the United States -Diagnostic parameters of osteoporosis and its disadvantages -Physiological effects of osteoporosis -Risk factors, complications and mortality associated with fractures -Osteoporotic drug interventions -Exercise and its effect on bone health, contraindications or exercise precautions -Evaluation of a patient with osteoporosis -Case care program for patients with osteoporosis -Special exercises for patients with osteoporosis at the beginner level such as stretching, balance, strengthening and aerobic exercises	-Textbook -Booklet -eBook -PDFs -Multimedia or online (electronic) formats	Passing the online exam
10	Med Fit Education Foundation /Osteoporosis Fitness Specialist Online Course [38]	Diet and exercise and its effect on restoring and maintaining bone health function	Fitness professionals/ trainers	10 h	-Bone physiology and bone response to stress including Wolf's law -Conditions of osteopenia and osteoporosis -The role of exercise and diet in maintaining bone health and regeneration -The role of drugs and nutrients in bone health - S.A.F.E. Exercise and its role in bone health	- Course manual -Video slides -Videos of sports examples ‌	Multiple choice question, competency assessment with at least 80% correct answer
11	Endocrine society/Better Bones: A Course On Osteoporosis & Metabolic Bone Disease [3]	-Provide comprehensive and up-to-date information on bone diseases -Basic and advanced principles of diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis -Presenting the latest clinical guidelines for hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism	-Physician -Fellow -Resident -Clinical researcher -Scientific researcher -Educator -Pharmacist -Nurse practitioner -Physician assistant -Allied health professional	NA	-Prevalence, pathophysiology and progression of metabolic bone diseases including osteoporosis -Identify people at risk for bone fractures with imaging and new diagnostic guidelines -Therapeutic interventions such as nutrition, exercise, to reduce the risk of fractures in people with metabolic bone diseases -Individual treatment strategy for the management of osteoporosis and metabolic bone diseases	Interactive and multi-faceted learning opportunities	NA
12	The Royal Osteoporosis Society of UK and RCGP4 /e-Learning osteoporosis module [30]	-Improve the bone health and prevent osteoporosis - professionals to deliver high quality healthcare -Provide the best information, support and services to help people -Drive the research and development of new treatments and therapies	NA	NA	-Prevention, diagnosis and management of osteoporosis and its associated fractures -Use NICE, SIGN and NOGG -Identification of risk groups FRAX and QFracture risk assessment tools - Monitoring of patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia	Case based approach	NA
13	NA/Advanced Learning Module: Osteoporosis & Exercise [8]	NA	NA	3 months	-Management of osteoporosis and fracture risk -Caring for people with osteoporosis -Familiarity with the latest clinical guidelines -Lifestyle and physical activity and its effects on osteoporosis -Medication and sports prescription in osteoporosis	NA	NA
14	National Osteoporosis Foundation /Menopause and HT5 Clinical review of HT in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis [5]	-Primary and secondary osteoporosis and their distinguishing features -Diagnostic and therapeutic discussion of case studies / scenarios	-Physicians -Nurses -Pharmacists -Technologists -Researchers -Public health professionals and health educators	1 h	-Menopause and osteoporosis -Premature menopausal osteoporosis -Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis with hormone therapy (HT) -Relationship between HT and other treatments for osteoporosis	NA	NA
15	National Osteoporosis Foundation /FLS6 Certificate Program [11]	-FLS Coordinator -Learn the basics of FLS -Apply the principles of FLS care in your practice	-Physicians -Nurses -Healthcare professionals	One week	-Learn the basics of FLS care -Prevention of secondary fractures -Management of osteoporosis through medication, exercise and nutrition -Essentials for using FLS -Principles of patient evaluation, initiation of treatment, follow-up and post-fracture care	-Synchronized slide/audio presentations	Receive a certificate of continuing education after completing the sessions
16	National Osteoporosis Foundation /Disuse and Transient Osteoporosis [6]	- Discuses Bone remodeling along with forms of disuse and transient osteoporosis	-Physicians -Nurses -Pharmacists -Technologists -Researchers -Public health professionals and health educators	NA	-Principles of bone reconstruction -The effect of exercise on BMD7 -Effects of smoking cessation on bone -Different forms of transient osteoporosis -Effects of pregnancy and lactation on bone	NA	NA
17	National Osteoporosis Foundation /Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis [14]	-Causes of secondary osteoporosis -Practical approach to patient treatment in the office	-Physicians -Nurses -Pharmacists -Technologists -Researchers -Public health professionals and health educators	NA	-Primary and secondary osteoporosis and their distinguishing features -Diagnosis and treatment of case studies / scenarios	NA	NA
18	National Osteoporosis Foundation /Identifying Osteoporosis-Related Vertebral Fractures in Primary Care [7]	-Evaluation of osteoporosis -Pathological changes in the spine and the factors affecting it -Differentiation and differentiation of back pain from spinal fractures -Diagnosis of such fractures -Principles of treatment of fractures	-Physicians -Nurses -Pharmacists -Technologists -Researchers -Public health professionals and health educators	NA	-Signs and Symptoms of Acute or "Silent" VCF8 -Detection and differentiation of VCF from other causes of back pain -VCF risk assessment in patients -Significance, Complications and Mortality in VCF -Diagnosis of secondary causes of VCF other than osteoporosis	NA	NA
19	Royal Osteoporosis Society/ National Training Scheme for Bone Densitometry [12]	Bone densitometry certification for physicians	Clinicians	A 2-day lecture	-Use of DEXA9 in the effective diagnosis and evaluation of osteoporosis -Record reliable DEXA information for diagnosis and treatment	NA	Mandatory online exam and mandatory submission of work samples
20	Royal Osteoporosis Society/Bone Densitometry Foundation course [15]	NA	NA	NA	-Evaluation and prevention of osteoporosis -Effects, regulations and practical techniques of DEXA	Video-based learning	50-question multiple-choice test, score of 80%, with 3 attempts to the assessment
21	Royal Osteoporosis Society The module is CPD accredited by the RCGP10/RCGP Osteoporosis e-Learning Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis [19]	NA	GPs	NA	-Diagnosis, management of osteoporosis and prevention of fractures with, SIGN and NOGG guidelines -Identification of risk groups and risk assessment tools FRAX and QFracture -Assess learners' managerial knowledge of the appropriate time to provide secondary care -Monitoring of patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia and resource management	Case based approach	NA
22	Royal Osteoporosis Society /Osteoporosis resources for primary care (ORPC) [28]	NA	-GPs -Nurses -Other members of the practice team	NA	-Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis -Use guides such as NICE, SIGN and NOGG	NA	NA

¹The internet-based osteoporosis program

²European accreditation council for continuing medical education

³Bone research society

⁴Royal college of general practitioners

⁵Hormone therapy

⁶Fracture liaison service

⁷Bone mineral density

⁸Vertebral compression fracture

⁹Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry (bone scan test)

¹⁰Royal college of general practitioners