Table 4.
Intake of chemical elements and vitamins among vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and omnivores.
| Vegans | Lacto-ovo-vegetarians | Omnivores | Recommended consumption in Russia (61) | Nutrient recommendations: dietary reference intakes (DRI) (62) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ME (25%; 75% percentiles) | ME (25%; 75% percentiles) | ME (25%; 75% percentiles) | |||
| K, mg/day | 7,071 (5,362; 8,693)2,3,5,6 |
3,732 (3,245; 4,652)7* |
2,622 (2,371; 3,247) |
3,500 | 2,600 (♀ age 19 and older), 3,400 (♂ age 19 and older) |
| Mg, mg/day | 674 (479; 934)2,3,5,6 |
401 (291; 531)7 |
288 (264; 331) |
420 | 310 (19–30 ♀), 320 (31–50 ♀), 400 (31–50 ♂), 420 (31–50 ♂) |
| Ca, mg/day | 787 (582; 1,056) |
852 (630; 988) |
738 (628; 822) |
1,000 | 1,000 (19–50 and ♀19–70 years ♂) |
| P, mg/day | 1,125 (884; 1,461) |
1,077 (707; 1,386)* |
1,097 (954; 1,237) |
700 | 700 (age 19 and older) |
| Zn, mg/day | 7.6 (5.7; 9.1)2,3 |
5.8 (3.5; 7.9)8,9* |
7.6 (6.7; 8.0) |
12.0 | 8.0 (♀ age 19 and older), 11.0 (♂ age 19 and older) |
| Cu, mg/day | 2.4 (1.9; 3.0)2,3,5,6 |
1.7 (1.1; 2.1)7* |
1.1 (1.0; 1.2) |
1.0 | 0.9 (age 19 and older) |
| Mn, mg/day | 6.4 (4.6; 8.2)1,5 |
5.1 (3.0; 7.3)7 |
4.6 (3.7; 5.8) |
2.0 | 1.8 (♀ age 19 and older), 2.3 (♂ age 19 and older) |
| D, μg/day | 0.00 (0.00; 0.00)2,3,5,6 |
0.29 (0.07; 0.75)8,9 |
0.99 (0.57; 1.14) |
15.0 | 15.0 (19–70 years) |
| B6, mg/day | 3.4 (2.6; 3.9)2,3,5,6 |
1.7 (1.3; 2.0)7 |
1.4 (1.2; 1.6) |
2.0 | 1.3 (19–50 years) |
| B9, μg/day | 508 (400; 553)2,3,5,6 |
333 (249; 429)7,9 |
252 (197; 280) |
400 | 400 (age 19 and older) |
| B12, μg/day | 0.00 (0.00; 0.00)1,4,6 |
0.29 (0.03; 0.51)7,9 |
2.34 (1.97; 3.49) |
3.0 | 2.4 (age 19 and older) |
| C, mg/day | 430 (325; 575)1,3,4,6 |
206 (156; 277)8 |
128 (88; 140) |
100 | 75 (♀ age 19 and older), 90 (♂ age 19 and older) |
| RE, μg/day | 1,138 (756; 1,592)2,3,5,6 |
767 (610; 847) |
719 (555; 961) |
900 | 700 (♀age 19 and older), 900 (♂ age 19 and older) |
1vs. lacto-ovo-vegetarians, p < 0.05; 2vs. lacto-ovo-vegetarians, p < 0.001; 3vs. lacto-ovo-vegetarians after Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05; 4vs. omnivores, p < 0.05; 5vs. omnivores, p < 0.001; 6vs. omnivores after Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05; 7vs. omnivores, p < 0.05; 8vs. omnivores p < 0.001; 9vs. omnivores after Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05; *normal distribution (M ± SD): K 3891.9 ± 1477.4; P 1049.9 ± 386.0; Zn 5.8 ± 2.6; Cu 1.6 ± 0.7; RE: retinol equivalent.