Table 2.
Estimated perceived impact of working with PAs on clinical practice by physician demographic and work characteristics.
| Ordered logistic regression estimates | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient volume | Care quality | Time use | Decreased workload | |
| Intensity PA | 0.998 (−0.36) | 0.997 (−0.77) | 0.996 (−0.78) | 1.000 (0.04) |
| Age | 1.006 (0.94) | 1.003 (0.47) | 1.020** (2.99) | 1.007 (1.04) |
| Gendera | ||||
| Women (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Men | 1.167 (1.07) | 1.130 (0.78) | 1.116 (0.75) | 1.132 (0.85) |
| Other | 0.661 (−0.30) | 0.891 (−0.10) | 1.177 (0.20) | 0.882 (−0.13) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| White | 1.290 (0.50) | 1.726 (1.29) | 1.030 (0.06) | 0.752 (−0.53) |
| African American/Black | 1.189 (0.28) | 2.002 (1.45) | 1.438 (0.61) | 0.592 (−0.81) |
| Asian | 1.775 (1.12) | 2.175 (1.85) | 1.428 (0.72) | 1.001 (0.00) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 1.882 (1.11) | 3.252** (2.59) | 1.599 (0.85) | 1.283 (0.43) |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 0.402 (−1.60) | 1.376 (0.71) | 0.619 (−0.80) | 0.407 (−1.39) |
| Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander | 1.770 (0.53) | 1.005 (0.00) | 0.547 (−0.33) | 0.248 (−0.62) |
| Other race and ethnicity | 1.361 (0.49) | 2.809 (1.65) | 1.097 (0.15) | 1.112 (0.16) |
| Employer type | ||||
| Employee (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Owner | 1.161 (0.65) | 0.866 (−0.66) | 0.973 (−0.12) | 1.038 (0.15) |
| Independent | 1.279 (1.00) | 1.284 (0.84) | 0.977 (−0.09) | 1.133 (0.41) |
| Other | 2.417 (1.54) | 1.834 (1.67) | 4.789** (2.85) | 2.454 (1.71) |
| High-rural serving | 0.823 (−1.11) | 0.971 (−0.16) | 0.993 (−0.04) | 1.006 (0.03) |
| Specialty group | ||||
| Medical specialties (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Other | 0.926 (−0.41) | 0.811 (−1.10) | 1.134 (0.64) | 1.165 (0.80) |
| PCP | 0.833 (−1.04) | 0.800 (−1.32) | 0.803 (−1.25) | 0.960 (−0.24) |
| Surgery | 1.039 (0.19) | 1.668* (2.44) | 1.145 (0.64) | 1.157 (0.69) |
| Full-time status | 0.890 (−0.57) | 1.015 (0.07) | 0.906 (−0.50) | 0.940 (−0.32) |
| PA scope of practice (1 = most restrictive to 3 = most permissive) | 0.818* (−2.51) | 1.016 (0.19) | 0.948 (−0.66) | 1.035 (0.42) |
| Practice setting | ||||
| Medical school | 1.853* (2.25) | 2.641*** (3.72) | 3.078*** (4.31) | 2.768*** (3.86) |
| Teaching hospital | 1.015 (0.07) | 1.019 (0.08) | 1.139 (0.59) | 1.244 (1.01) |
| Non-teaching hospital | 0.577* (−2.09) | 0.867 (−0.52) | 0.862 (−0.53) | 0.781 (−0.88) |
| Group practice | 0.780 (−1.34) | 1.146 (0.71) | 0.905 (−0.50) | 0.926 (−0.37) |
| Government facility | 0.635 (−1.21) | 0.860 (−0.39) | 1.212 (0.50) | 1.027 (0.06) |
| Health care system | 1.041 (0.20) | 1.270 (1.18) | 0.989 (−0.05) | 1.123 (0.57) |
| Private practice—solo | 0.920 (−0.23) | 1.409 (0.89) | 0.983 (−0.05) | 1.136 (0.34) |
| Locum tenens | 0.471 (−1.89) | 0.478 (−1.94) | 1.039 (0.09) | 1.067 (0.14) |
| Private practice—single specialty group | 0.959 (−0.17) | 1.109 (0.41) | 1.354 (1.22) | 1.218 (0.70) |
| Private practice—multi-specialty group | 1.104 (0.38) | 1.403 (1.37) | 1.157 (0.58) | 1.394 (1.24) |
| Other setting | 0.516 (−1.53) | 0.759 (−0.61) | 0.660 (−0.87) | 1.035 (0.08) |
| International medical graduate | 0.741 (−1.63) | 0.615** (−2.63) | 0.623* (−2.44) | 0.668* (−2.11) |
| Women's representation at own specialty | 0.987* (−2.49) | 0.988* (−2.40) | 0.989* (−2.18) | 0.986** (−2.68) |
| Income level | 1.125*** (3.63) | 1.080* (2.25) | 1.162*** (4.60) | 1.152*** (4.46) |
| Ordered logistic regression cutpoint 1 | 0.0619*** (−3.51) | 0.179* (−2.32) | 0.239 (−1.86) | 0.117* (−2.40) |
| Ordered logistic regression cutpoint 2 | 0.177* (−2.18) | 0.629 (−0.64) | 0.622 (−0.62) | 0.500 (−0.80) |
| Ordered logistic regression cutpoint 3 | 0.712 (−0.43) | 3.189 (1.58) | 2.693 (1.28) | 1.727 (0.63) |
| Ordered logistic regression cutpoint 4 | 4.124 (1.79) | 15.37*** (3.69) | 17.11*** (3.64) | 9.559** (2.61) |
| n | 2406 | 2406 | 2406 | 2408 |
Abbreviations: PA, physician assistant; PCP, primary care provider.
Values are exponentiated coefficients; t statistics in parentheses. Weight adjusted. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.
aFor Gender, “Women” includes trans-women, “Men” includes trans-men, and “Other” includes agender, genderqueer, nonbinary and other.