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. 2024 Jun 24;21:161. doi: 10.1186/s12974-024-03127-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Astrocyte binding rhAbs induce astrocyte stress, but not apoptosis. A Representative images of untreated and heatshock treated human primary astrocytes to demonstrate G3BP1 + puncta formation. White arrowheads indicate G3BP1 + puncta. B Representative images of primary human astrocytes incubated with PTM-6 or PTM-12 rhAbs showing induction of G3BP1 + puncta. Green: rhAb. Red: G3BP1. Blue: DAPI. Violet: Active caspase 3/7. In the merge panels, yellow indicates co-stain of G3BP1 with the rhAb. Scale bar: 20 μm. C Summary statistics for G3BP1 puncta + cells as an indication of stress. D Summary statistics for Caspase 3/7 + cells as an indication of apoptosis