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. 2024 Jun 24;22:261. doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03440-w

Table 3.

Association of sleep with the risk of incident liver cancer (N = 356,894)

Sleep Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI)
Unhealthy sleep (sleep score: 0 ~ 3) 1.35 (1.11, 1.64) 1.43 (1.14, 1.79) 1.46 (1.15, 1.85)
Independent sleep trait
Unfavorable sleep duration 1.48 (1.21, 1.81) 1.30 (1.03, 1.63) 1.29 (1.01, 1.65)
Evening chronotype 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) 1.28 (0.95, 1.73) 1.18 (0.85, 1.64)
Insomnia 1.51 (1.23, 1.86) 1.37 (1.08, 1.73) 1.43 (1.11, 1.83)
Snoring 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) 1.30 (1.01, 1.67)
Excessive daytime sleepiness 1.57 (0.95, 2.59) 1.17 (0.67, 2.05) 1.28 (0.73, 2.25)

Model 1 was a crude model; Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, healthy diet, and physical activity; Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, healthy diet, physical activity, any treatment/medication taken, Townsend deprivation index, family history of cancer, and CRP

Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval