Table 2:

Ongoing and Future Approaches in COPD Genetics

Approach	Description
Biobanks	Large population- or healthcare system-based collections with a range of phenotyping, enabling an increase in sample size and examination of pleiotropic or genotype-first effects
Populations of diverse ancestry	Initiatives will enable and enhance discoveries and mitigate health inequalities
Phenomics	Comprehensive and detailed measures of phenotypes to identify and elucidate genetic mechanisms and disease heterogeneity
Whole-genome sequencing	Comprehensive analysis of the genome allowing identification and discovery of rare variants associated with disease
Integrative genomics	Incorporation of genetics with gene expression, epigenetics, proteins, and metabolites to identify genetic effects; systems biology and network methods to understand gene regulation
Single-cell sequencing	Identification of genetics, gene regulation, and gene expression in individual lung cells, rather than heterogeneous bulk tissue
High-throughput functional genomics	Methods to identify functional variants and effector genes at large scale; to be followed by detailed experimental approaches