Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Stratified by Body Size Metrics and Adiposity Profiles
| BMI |
W/H Ratio |
BF% |
CF% |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Weight (n = 68) | Overweight (n = 48) | <Median (n = 55) | ≥Median (n = 61) | <Median (n = 58) | ≥Median (n = 58) | <Median (n = 58) | ≥Median (n = 58) | |
| Age, y | 64 ± 11 | 63 ± 10 | 60 ± 11 | 67 ± 9b | 61 ± 11 | 66 ± 10a | 60 ± 11 | 67 ± 10b |
| Men | 52 (76.5) | 36 (75.0) | 42 (76.4) | 46 (75.4) | 44 (75.9) | 44 (75.9) | 44 (75.9) | 44 (75.9) |
| AF types | ||||||||
| Paroxysmal | 37 (54.4) | 24 (50.0) | 25 (45.5) | 36 (59.0) | 36 (62.1) | 25 (43.1)a | 32 (55.2) | 29 (50.0) |
| Persistent | 31 (45.6) | 24 (50.0) | 30 (54.5) | 25 (41.0) | 22 (37.9) | 33 (56.9)a | 26 (44.8) | 29 (50.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.5 ± 2.1 | 26.9 ± 1.4b | 23.3 ± 2.9 | 25.3 ± 2.4b | 22.5 ± 2.4 | 26.2 ± 1.9b | 23.5 ± 2.7 | 25.3 ± 2.7b |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 119 ± 18 | 122 ± 14 | 118 ± 16 | 122 ± 16 | 119 ± 18 | 121 ± 15 | 118 ± 15 | 122 ± 17 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 66 ± 11 | 69 ± 10 | 66 ± 12 | 67 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | 68 ± 11 | 66 ± 12 | 68 ± 10 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 76 ± 15 | 77 ± 13 | 78 ± 13 | 75 ± 15 | 76 ± 14 | 77 ± 14 | 76 ± 16 | 76 ± 12 |
| Current smoking | 4 (5.9) | 6 (12.5) | 3 (5.5) | 7 (11.5) | 3 (5.2) | 7 (12.1) | 2 (3.4) | 8 (13.8) |
| Hypertension | 30 (44.1) | 35 (72.9)b | 24 (43.6) | 41 (67.2)a | 25 (43.1) | 40 (69.0)b | 22 (37.9) | 43 (74.1)b |
| Diabetes mellitus | 16 (23.5) | 14 (29.2) | 12 (21.8) | 18 (29.5) | 11 (19.0) | 19 (32.8) | 8 (13.8) | 22 (37.9)b |
| Dyslipidemia | 23 (33.8) | 23 (47.9) | 16 (29.1) | 30 (49.2)a | 21 (36.2) | 25 (43.1) | 19 (32.8) | 27 (46.6) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2 (0-3) | 2 (1-3) | 1 (0-2) | 2 (1-3)b | 1 (0-2) | 2 (1-3)b | 1 (0-2) | 2 (1-4)b |
| Medications | ||||||||
| Beta-blocker | 27 (39.7) | 23 (47.9) | 22 (40.0) | 28 (45.9) | 21 (36.2) | 29 (50.0) | 20 (34.5) | 30 (51.7) |
| RAAS blockers | 13 (19.1) | 19 (39.6)a | 13 (23.6) | 19 (31.1) | 7 (12.1) | 25 (43.1)b | 7 (12.1) | 25 (43.1)b |
| Calcium channel blocker | 17 (25.0) | 23 (47.9)a | 11 (20.0) | 29 (47.5)b | 13 (22.4) | 27 (46.6)b | 10 (17.2) | 30 (51.7)b |
| Statin | 14 (20.6) | 15 (31.3) | 10 (18.2) | 19 (31.1) | 10 (17.2) | 19 (32.8) | 10 (17.2) | 19 (32.8) |
| Oral antidiabetic drug | 11 (16.2) | 10 (20.8) | 10 (18.2) | 11 (18.0) | 7 (12.1) | 14 (24.1) | 6 (10.3) | 15 (25.9)a |
| Antiarrhythmic drug | 21 (30.9) | 9 (18.8) | 15 (27.3) | 15 (24.6) | 16 (27.6) | 14 (24.1) | 17 (29.3) | 13 (22.4) |
| Laboratory data | ||||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 196 ± 30 | 191 ± 40 | 194 ± 31 | 194 ± 37 | 199 ± 34 | 189 ± 34 | 196 ± 31 | 193 ± 38 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 113 ± 27 | 112 ± 34 | 113 ± 29 | 112 ± 32 | 114 ± 31 | 111 ± 30 | 114 ± 29 | 111 ± 31 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 64 ± 16 | 55 ± 13b | 62 ± 17 | 59 ± 14 | 64 ± 16 | 56 ± 14b | 61 ± 16 | 60 ± 15 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dl | 108 ± 43 | 106 ± 29 | 105 ± 42 | 109 ± 33 | 101 ± 29 | 113 ± 44a | 96 ± 18 | 118 ± 48b |
| HbA1c, % | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.8b | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 0.8b |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 67 ± 14 | 64 ± 14 | 66 ± 15 | 65 ± 14 | 68 ± 14 | 64 ± 15 | 66 ± 14 | 65 ± 15 |
| BNP, pg/ml | 59 (24-130) | 74 (21-165) | 62 (24-126) | 60 (24-169) | 40 (22-100) | 92 (29-177)a | 52 (20-94) | 95 (29-177)a |
| C-Reactive protein, mg/dl | 0.05 (0.03-0.09) | 0.06 (0.03-0.13) | 0.03 (0.03-0.08) | 0.06 (0.03-0.16)b | 0.03 (0.03-0.07) | 0.08 (0.04-0.17)b | 0.03 (0.03-0.06) | 0.08 (0.04-0.17)b |
| IL-6, pg/ml | 1.1 (0.8-1.8) | 1.3 (0.9-2.2) | 1.1 (0.7-1.4) | 1.3 (1.0-2.3)b | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | 1.6 (1.1-2.7)b | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | 1.6 (0.9-2.7)b |
| ICTP-1, ng/ml | 3.9 (3.1-4.8) | 4.3 (3.3-5.5) | 3.9 (3.3-5.0) | 4.1 (3.3-5.3) | 3.6 (3.1-4.5) | 4.4 (3.4-5.4)b | 3.6 (3.1-4.5) | 4.4 (3.4-5.4)a |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (IQR).
AF = atrial fibrillation; BF% = body fat percent; BMI = body mass index; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; CF% = central fat percent; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; ICTP-1 = carboxy-terminal telopeptide of procollagen type I; IL = interleukin; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; W/H = waist-to-hip.
a
P < 0.05.
b
P < 0.01 compared with corresponding counterpart.