Figure 1.

Potential Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of HFpEF

Depending on the training population (prevalence of HFpEF, rule-in, and rule-out method), artificial intelligence models could serve as ‘decision maker’ in intermediate probability and/or a ‘gatekeeper’ for advanced exercise testing. ∗Based on history and clinical examination. CPET = cardiopulmonary exercise test; ECG = electrocardiogram; H2FPEF = HFpEF score according to Reddy et al; HFA-PEFF = Heart Failure Association PEFF score according to Pieske et al; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; TTE = transthoracic echocardiography.