Table 1.
Characteristics of 815 MESA Primary Prevention Participants >65 Years of Age With Baseline CAC = 0 Who Had a Follow-Up CAC Scan
| All (N = 815) | Persistent CAC = 0 (n = 451) | Incident CAC (n = 364) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age, y | 70.2 ± 4.5 | 70.4 ± 4.6 | 70.1 ± 4.3 | 0.35 |
| Female, % | 66.9 | 70.1 | 62.9 | 0.03 |
| Race, % | 0.07 | |||
| White | 30.9 | 27.3 | 35.4 | |
| Chinese | 12.4 | 13.5 | 11.0 | |
| African American | 35.3 | 37.7 | 32.4 | |
| Hispanic | 21.4 | 21.5 | 21.2 | |
| Post-high school education, % | 54.5 | 53.0 | 56.3 | 0.34 |
| Traditional ASCVD risk factors | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131.1 ± 22.2 | 130.6 ± 21.8 | 131.6 ± 22.6 | 0.52 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 70.6 ± 10.5 | 70.0 ± 11.0 | 71.3 ± 10.0 | 0.09 |
| Antihypertensive medication, % | 38.0 | 36.8 | 39.6 | 0.42 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 192.7 ± 33.5 | 191.9 ± 33.4 | 193.6 ± 33.6 | 0.47 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 113.9 ± 29.9 | 112.4 ± 30.4 | 115.6 ± 29.3 | 0.14 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 55.1 ± 15.3 | 56.3 ± 15.7 | 53.6 ± 14.7 | 0.01 |
| Non-HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 137.6 ± 32.8 | 135.7 ± 32.7 | 140.0 ± 32.7 | 0.06 |
| Serum triglycerides, mg/dL | 104.0 (74.0-147.0) | 100.0 (71.0-139.0) | 108.0 (77.5-154.0) | 0.06 |
| Lipid-lowering medication, % | 17.9 | 14.9 | 21.7 | 0.01 |
| Type 2 diabetes, % | 12.8 | 12.0 | 13.7 | 0.45 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 91.0 (84.0-100.0) | 90.0 (83.0-99.0) | 92.0 (84.0-102.0) | 0.10 |
| Glucose-lowering medication, mg/dL | 9.8 | 8.7 | 11.0 | 0.31 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 97.2 ± 13.6 | 95.7 ± 14.0 | 99.1 ± 13.0 | <0.001 |
| Current cigarette smoking, % | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 0.76 |
| 10-y ASCVD risk, % | 14.6 (9.3-22.4) | 14.1 (8.5-22.5) | 15.0 (10.1-22.3) | 0.18 |
| Subclinical atherosclerosis | ||||
| CAC score at follow-up, AUa | 0 (0-7) | 0 (0-0) | 8 (3-21) | <0.001 |
| Presence of thoracic calcification, % | 28.6 | 25.1 | 33.0 | 0.01 |
| Presence of carotid plaque, %b | 33.1 | 29.0 | 38.0 | 0.009 |
| Ankle-brachial index | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.16 |
| Nontraditional ASCVD risk factors | ||||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 72.8 ± 14.1 | 72.3 ± 14.0 | 73.4 ± 14.3 | 0.30 |
| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio, mg/g | 6.3 (3.7-12.7) | 6.0 (3.6-11.4) | 7.0 (3.8-14.4) | 0.06 |
| Lipoprotein(a), mg/dLb | 19.5 (9.4-44.1) | 20.4 (9.7-40.0) | 19.1 (9.2-47.6) | 0.84 |
| Apolipoprotein-B, mg/dLb | 105.2 ± 26.5 | 103.4 ± 27.3 | 107.9 ± 25.1 | 0.04 |
| hs-cardiac troponin T, ng/mL | 4.7 (3.0-7.4) | 4.4 (3.0-7.3) | 5.2 (3.0-7.5) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, mg/dLb | 76.0 (40.8-143.0) | 74.6 (42.8-136.5) | 77.2 (40.0-151.0) | 0.64 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 2.0 (0.9-3.9) | 1.8 (0.9-3.9) | 2.1 (0.9-3.9) | 0.61 |
| Diet and physical activity | ||||
| Healthy diet, % | 44.5 | 40.1 | 49.7 | 0.007 |
| Optimal physical activity, % | 10.5 | 11.3 | 9.6 |
Values are mean ± SD, %, or median (IQR).
ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAC = coronary artery calcium; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.
a
Reflects CAC score at the initial visit where CAC >1 (Visit 2, 3, 4, or 5).
b
Apolipoprotein-B, n = 573; carotid plaque, n = 770; lipoprotein(a), n = 573; NT-proBNP, n = 662.