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. 2023 Sep 25;2(8):100622. doi: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100622

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© 2023 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Central Illustration — Mechanisms and Available Evidence of Current Pharmacologic Treatment Options to Reduce Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Beta-blockers and calcium-channel blockers reduce left ventricular contractile force while increasing left ventricular filling time and volume via beta 1 receptor and L-type calcium channel modulation, respectively. Disopyramide exerts a negative inotropic effect by modulating sodium channels and intracellular calcium. Cardiac myosin inhibitors directly decrease myosin-actin interactions with a negative inotropic and lusitropic effect. ATP = adenosine triphosphate; BB = beta-blockers; CA = calcium; cAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CCB = calcium-channel blocker; CMI = cardiac myosin inhibitors; LTCC = L-type calcium channel; LV = left ventricular; NCX = Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger; PKA = protein kinase; RYR2 = cardiac ryanodine receptor 2.