Table 1. Characteristics of published typhoid cost of illness studies.

Study #	Countries included	Setting	Study perspective	Total study sample	Sub-sample for which cost is reported	Direct medical costs	Direct non-medical costs	Indirect costs	Outcomes reported
									Typhoid fever	Inpatient care	Outpatient care
Balh et al. (2004) [15]	India	Urban slum	Societal	223	0–2 y.o.	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
					2–5 y.o.
					5–19 y.o.	(P)			BC+
					Adults
Sur et al. (2009) [11]	India	Hospitals in urban slum	Provider	83	Children	✓			✓	✓	✓
									BC+
					Adults	(P)			Widal+
Poulos et al. (2011) [12]	China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Vietnam	Urban, rural, slums, settlements	Public (paid by the government) and private (paid by households)	327	Children	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
					Adults	(B)			BC+	Not for all countries	Not for all countries
						(H) for China
Riewpaiboon et al. (2014) [14]	Tanzania	Rural island	Societal	17	Children	✓		✓	✓
					Adults	(H)			BC+
Kaljee et al. (2017) [13]	Nepal	Urban	Societal	22	N/A	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
						(B)			BC+
Mejia et al. (2020) [18]	Bangladesh	Urban	Healthcare provider, patients & caregivers	1,772	N/A	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
						(B)			BC+
Mejia et al. (2020) [19]	Nepal	Urban & peri-urban	Healthcare provider, patients & caregivers	395	N/A	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
						(B)			BC+
Mejia et al. (2020) [20]	Pakistan	Urban	Healthcare provider, patients & caregivers	1,029	N/A	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
						(B)			BC+
Seyi-Olajide et al. (2020) [21]	Nigeria	Urban	Households	32	N/A	✓			✓	✓
						(H)
Wabada et al. (2020) [22]	Nigeria	Urban	Households	95	N/A	✓			✓	✓
						(H)
Adamou H. Et al. (2021) [23]	Niger	Rural and urban	Households	2931	N/A	✓			✓	✓
						(H)
Kumar et al. (2021) [17]	India	Rural and urban	Households	1,165	Patients from tertiary care hospital vs lower-level hospitals	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
						(H)
Limani et al. (2022) [16]	Malawi	Urban	Healthcare provider, households	109	Children	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
					Adults	(B)

BC+: blood culture confirmed; y.o.: years old; N/A: not applicable; (P): provider perspective; (H): Households perspective; (B): Both provider and households’ perspectives