Table 3. Summary of results of bivariate analysis of study variables with three Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) sub-scale scores.
| Study variable |
Depression | Anxiety | Stress |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agea | 2.07 (0.04) | 1.58 (0.1) | 1.20 (0.3) |
| Genderb | 2.19 (0.14) | 0.03 (0.8) | 0.34 (0.5) |
| Study yearb | 16.39 (0.001) | 13.60 (<0.001) | 3.77 (0.05) |
| Mother’s educationb | 0.96 (0.3) | 1.19 (0.2) | 0.32 (0.5) |
| Father’s educationb | 0.024 (0.8) | 0.28 (0.5) | 1.49 (0.2) |
| Household incomeb | 0.43 (0.8) | 0.71 (0.7) | 2.18 (0.13) |
| Travelling from homeb | 0.022 (0.8) | 2.49 (0.1) | 1.70 (0.1) |
| PSQI scorea | -7.08 (<0.001) | -6.63 (<0.001) | -5.19 (<0.001) |
| Hobbies/ sports activitiesc | 18301.00 (0.08) | 18998.00 (0.02) | 11329.00 (0.2) |
| Mindfulness activitiesc | 16928.00 (0.007) | 18793.00 (0.03) | 10775.00 (0.09) |
| Social media usagec | 17608.00 (0.03) | 19453.00 (0.09) | 9798.50 (0.004) |
| Contact with friendsc | 17289.00 (0.01) | 17979.50 (0.004) | 12183–50 (0.9) |
| Contact with familyc | 17169.50 (0.008) | 17204.50 (<0.001) | 10643.00 (0.05) |
| Romantic relationshipsc (Yes) | 1.57 (0.4) | 1.76 (0.4) | 0.704 (0.7) |
a Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA
b Chi-square test
c Mann-Whitney U test.
Abbreviations: PSQI-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
All three domains of DASS-21 were dichotomized to moderate/severe vs normal/mild.