Fig. 3.

Machine learning algorithm performance (reported in 13/16 studies). Among the ten studies that reported both ML algorithms and classical regression models, the top eight reported discrimination performance (AUC), and the remaining did not. NB: The red vertical line highlights algorithms/models with AUC cut-off values above 0.7, which indicates good discrimination performance. *This classical regression model used the same sample as the ML algorithm above it and was reported in a separate publication [19]