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. 2024 Jun 25;14:14636. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64592-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In the supernatants of PBMCs from Healthy (n = 10) and HVL (n = 10) individuals in response to wild type (Ld1S) and cGLP LdCen1^−/− parasite, level of protective cytokines (a panel) against leishmaniasis progression (IL-2, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17, MCP-1 and IL-1β) and the level of cytokines in increasing the susceptibility (b panel) towards leishmaniasis progression (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10). In all the graphs Ld1S represents wild-type cells and LdCen^−/− denotes the cGLP cells. Data are given in Mean ± SEM (pg/ml). Significance was determined by Mann–Whitney U test. P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.