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. 2024 Jun 11;10:e56643. doi: 10.2196/56643

Table 2.

Estimated proportion of men who have sex with men for individual studies and combined meta-analysis by behavior, NSFGa, NHANESb, and GSSc surveys, United States, 2017-2021.

Study name Time period Sample size Estimated prevalence (%; 95% CI) Q statisticd P value I2 (%)e
Past 12 months 3.3 (1.7-4.9) 6.8 .08 55.6

GSS 2018 502 2.9 (1.4-4.4)



GSS 2021 809 5.0 (3.3-6.7)



NSFG 2017-2019 5206 3.1 (2.4-3.8)



NHANES 2017-2020 3338 2.7 (1.9-3.4)


Past 5 years 4.7 (0.0-33.8) 14.4 <.001 93.1

GSS 2018 559 2.5 (1.2-3.8)



GSS 2021 904 7.1 (5.1-9.1)


Lifetime sex 6.2 (2.9-9.5) 25.9 <.001 88.4

GSS 2018 500 3.1 (1.6-4.6)



GSS 2021 807 7.8 (5.6-10.0)



NSFG 2017-2019 5163 7.0 (6.9-7.0)



NHANES 2017-2020 3338 6.9 (5.6-8.2)


aNSFG: National Survey of Family Growth.

bNHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

cGSS: General Social Survey.

dQ-statistic follows a chi-square distribution to determine the presence or absence of heterogeneity in a set of studies in a meta-analysis.

eI2 quantifies the degree of heterogeneity in a meta-analysis.