Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies (n=23).
| Study and year | Intervention frequency | Intervention duration (months) | Adverse events | Outcomes | Scales |
| Batalik et al [35], 2020 | 3 times a week | 3 | Remotely monitored telerehabilitation seems to be safe, and no adverse cardiac events occurred during the intervention | Aa | SF-36b |
| Cheung et al [53], 2023 | 4 messages a week | 6 | No adverse events or deaths were deemed related to the intervention | A and Bc | SF-12d and PHQ-9e |
| Chow et al [36], 2022 | 4 messages a week in the first 6 months and 3 messages a week over the subsequent 6 months | 12 | The intervention was safe | A, B, and Cf | SF-12, PHQ-9, and GAD-7g |
| Dalli Peydró et al [26] 2022 | Daily | 10 | During the study period, 3 patients were readmitted, but the readmissions were not related to the intervention | A, B, and C | EQ-5D-5L and HADSh |
| Dorje et al [37], 2019 | First and second month: 4 times per week; from third to sixth month: twice a week | 6 | No adverse events or SMART-CR/SPi program-related safety issues were recorded during the study | A, B, and C | SF-12 and PHQ-9 |
| Duan et al [38], 2018 | Once a week | 2 | Not mentioned | A and B | WHOQOLj and CES-Dk |
| Fang et al [39], 2019 | 3 times a week | 1.5 | Not mentioned | A and B | SF-36 and CDSl |
| Hisam et al [40], 2022 | Daily | 6 | Not mentioned, but the intervention in this study was a medically supervised cardiac rehabilitation program | A | SF-12 and MacNewm |
| Houchen-Wolloff et al [25], 2018 | Daily | 6 | There were 2 adverse events in the web group and 4 in the control group, but all were unrelated to the study | A, B, and C | MacNew and HADS |
| Huang et al [41], 2017 | Every Monday and Thursday | 3 | Not mentioned | A | SAQn |
| Johnston et al [42] 2016 | Daily | 6 | No adverse device effects were reported during the study | A | EQ-5D VAS |
| Kang et al [43], 2021 | Daily | 6 | Not mentioned | B | BDIo |
| Kang G et al [27], 2023 | 3 times a week | 12 | There were no obvious differences between the 2 groups in terms of adverse events | A, B, and C | SAQ, HAMAp, and HAMDq |
| Kraal et al [44], 2017 | At least 2 training sessions a week, and once a week, the patient received feedback | 3 | No serious adverse events were recorded during center-based and home-based training | A, B, and C | MacNew and HADS |
| Pakrad et al [45], 2021 | 8 in-person sessions and 4 group discussion sessions; in addition, each participant was contacted 24 times over 3 months through the mobile app | 4 | None of the intervention participants were hospitalized | A, B, and C | SF-36 and DASS-21r |
| Pfaeffli Dale et al [52], 2015 | 7 messages per week for 12 weeks, followed by 5 messages per week for the next 12 weeks | 6 | There were 13 serious adverse events reported (intervention: n=8; control: n=5), but none were study related | B and C | HADS |
| Shariful Islam et al [46], 2019 | 4 times a week | 6 | Not mentioned | A and B | SF-12 and PHQ-9 |
| Snoek et al [47], 2021 | 5 days a week | 6 | No cardiovascular mortality and near sudden cardiac death was registered | A, B, and C | MacNew and HADS |
| Su and Yu [48], 2021 | Daily | 3 | Not mentioned | A, B, and C | MacNew and DASS-21 |
| Wang et al [49], 2018 | Daily | 6 | Not mentioned | A | SAQ |
| Yudi et al [24], 2021 | Daily | 2 | Not mentioned | A, B, and C | SF-36, EQ-5D-5L, HADS, and CDS |
| Zhang et al [50], 2020 | Daily | 6 | Not mentioned | B and C | SASs and SDSt |
| Zheng [51], 2021 | At 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge | 12 | Not mentioned | A, B, and C | SF-36, SAS, and SDS |
aA: health-related quality of life.
bSF-36: Short Form Health Survey-36.
cB: depression.
dSF-12: Short Form Health Survey-12.
ePHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
fC: anxiety.
gGAD-7: General Anxiety Disorder-7.
hHADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
iSMART-CR/SP: smartphone- and social media–based cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention.
jWHOQOL: World Health Organization Quality of Life.
kCES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
lCDS: Cardiac Depression Scale.
mMacNew: MacNew Heart Disease Health-Related Quality of Life.
nSAQ: Seattle Angina Questionnaire.
oBDI: Beck Depression Inventory.
pHAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Scale.
qHAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale.
rDASS-21: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21.
sSAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale.
tSDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.