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. 2024 Jun 11;11:e57239. doi: 10.2196/57239

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©Amey Salvi, Logan A Gillenwater, Brandon P Cockrum, Sarah E Wiehe, Kaitlyn Christian, John Cayton, Timothy Bailey, Katherine Schwartz, Allyson L Dir, Bradley Ray, Matthew C Aalsma, Khairi Reda. Originally published in JMIR Human Factors (https://humanfactors.jmir.org), 11.06.2024.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Human Factors, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://humanfactors.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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A total of 2 initial visual representations of touchpoints in Indiana (aggregate data from 2015 to 2022). On the left, a timeline-based visualization illustrates the cohorts of decedents with distinct sequences of touchpoints. The visualization depicts the average number of days to fatal overdose (circle position) and frequency of interaction with a touchpoint (circle diameter). For example, the first row shows 756 individuals who experienced a jail booking approximately 6 years before overdose, followed by a sequence of emergency department (ED) visits and medical prescription (Rx) dispensations, the last of which typically occurred approximately 200 and 90 days before overdose, respectively. A Sankey diagram (right) displays the temporal ordering of (up to 4) touchpoints but without showing durations. EMS: emergency medical services.