Table 3.
Medical variables in the second trimester cohort.
| Variable | Unit | NGT (n = 39) | GDM (n = 8) | p Value | All (n = 47) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Years | 29 ± 5 | 30 ± 7 | 0.606 | NS | 29 ± 5 |
| BMI | Kg/m2 | 27.0 ± 4.7 | 31.3 ± 6.5 | 0.034 | * | 27.7 ± 5.2 |
| Supplement consumption | % | 64.1 (25/39) | 62.5 (5/8) | >0.999 | NS | 63.8 (30/47) |
| Hyperemesis | % | 33.3 (13/39) | 25.0 (2/8) | >0.999 | NS | 31.9 (15/47) |
| Vaginal bleeding | % | 5.1 (2/39) | 25.0 (2/8) | 0.129 | NS | 8.5 (4/47) |
| Drug use before pregnancy | % | |||||
| Cigarettes | 33.3 (13/39) | 37.5 (3/8) | >0.999 | NS | 34.0 (16/47) | |
| Alcohol | 61.5 (24/39) | 50.0 (4/8) | 0.697 | NS | 59.6 (28/47) | |
| Other drugs | 25.6 (10/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | 0.174 | NS | 21.3 (10/47) | |
| Prior pregnancy issues | % | |||||
| GDM | 0.0 (0/39) | 37.5 (3/8) | 0.004 | ** | 6.4 (3/47) | |
| Hypertensive disorder | 7.7 (3/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | >0.999 | NS | 6.4 (3/47) | |
| Preterm birth | 5.1 (2/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | 0.436 | NS | 6.4 (3/47) | |
| Other | 7.7 (3/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | >0.999 | NS | 6.4 (3/47) | |
| Prior non-viable pregnancy | % | 17.9 (7/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | >0.999 | NS | 17.0 (8/47) |
| Fertility problems | % | 17.9 (7/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | 0.329 | NS | 14.9 (7/47) |
| PCOS | % | 25.6 (10/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | 0.659 | NS | 23.4 (11/47) |
| First period age | Years | 13 (12–14) | 12 (12–13) | 0.058 | NS | 13 (12–14) |
| Last period month | % | 0.729 | NS | |||
| January | 2.6 (1/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | 2.1 (1/47) | |||
| February | 7.7 (3/39) | 25.0 (2/8) | 10.6 (5/47) | |||
| March | 12.8 (5/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | 10.6 (5/47) | |||
| April | 5.1 (2/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | 6.4 (3/47) | |||
| May | 12.8 (5/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | 10.6 (5/47) | |||
| June | 10.3 (4/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | 10.6 (5/47) | |||
| July | 15.4 (6/39) | 25.0 (2/8) | 17.0 (8/47) | |||
| August | 12.8 (5/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | 10.6 (5/47) | |||
| September | 2.6 (1/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | 4.3 (2/47) | |||
| October | 10.3 (4/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | 10.6 (5/47) | |||
| November | 5.1 (2/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | 4.3 (2/47) | |||
| December | 2.6 (1/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | 2.1 (1/47) | |||
| Personal morbid history | % | |||||
| Insulin resistance | 5.1 (2/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | >0.999 | NS | 4.3 (2/47) | |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 10.3 (4/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | >0.999 | NS | 8.5 (4/47) | |
| Asthma | 7.7 (3/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | >0.999 | NS | 6.4 (3/47) | |
| Other | 10.3 (4/39) | 37.5 (3/8) | 0.084 | NS | 14.9 (7/47) | |
| Family morbid history | % | |||||
| Insulin resistance or prediabetes | 7.7 (3/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | 0.539 | NS | 8.5 (4/47) | |
| DM | 35.9 (14/39) | 62.5 (5/8) | 0.240 | NS | 40.4 (19/47) | |
| Hypertension | 48.7 (19/39) | 62.5 (5/8) | 0.701 | NS | 51.1 (24/47) | |
| Hypothyroidism | 17.9 (7/39) | 25.0 (2/8) | 0.639 | NS | 19.1 (9/47) | |
| Hyperthyroidism | 5.1 (2/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | 0.436 | NS | 6.4 (3/47) | |
| Asthma | 10.3 (4/39) | 0.0 (0/8) | >0.999 | NS | 8.5 (4/47) | |
| Other | 12.8 (5/39) | 12.5 (1/8) | >0.999 | NS | 12.8 (6/47) | |
NGT: normal glucose tolerance; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; DM: diabetes mellitus; *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; NS: not significant.